War loomed in England as King Harold II faced political conflicts and sought support. William prepared for the invasion, framing it as a holy war. Troubles with knights and valuable skills affected crop and ship production. The Duke's tactics and motivations were analyzed. Tostig's journey to Scandinavia for support against his brother was explored.
Harold II focused on gaining support from the southern region of England where the House of Godwin had more influence, while their influence was weaker in areas like Mercia and Northumbria due to past actions and grudges.
To solidify his support, William had barons swear oaths of allegiance and recorded them, with papal support framing the invasion as a holy war for religion and peace, attracting warriors with promises of English lands.
Deep dives
Harold's Call for Support and House of Godwin's Influence
Harold II, the scion of the powerful House of Godwin, called for support primarily from the southern region of England because that was where their influence and power base was concentrated. Thanes, Churls, Fordsmen, and fighting-age men from Wessex answered Harold's call, but beyond Wessex, the House of Godwin's influence was weaker. Harold's past actions, such as invading Wales and betraying an old ally, had made enemies for the House of Godwin, particularly in Mercia and Northumbria. The Mercians, in particular, had historical and cultural connections with Wales and were likely to hold grudges against the House of Godwin. Therefore, Harold focused on getting support from the south where he felt more confident in his leadership.
William's Trust Issues and Papal Support
William faced trust issues with his barons and inner circle members, knowing that their loyalty could waver if he appeared weak. To solidify his support, he had barons swear oaths of allegiance and recorded them. Pope Alexander II and Cardinal Hildebrand sanctioned the invasion as a holy war, framing it as a way to depose a tyrant disturbing Christian peace. This papal support transformed the invasion into a war for religion and peace, and also set a precedent for using violence and invasion to further church interests. The rewards promised by William, such as English lands, enticed warriors, including landless knights from rival duchies, to join the invasion force.
Waiting Game and Challenges in Normandy
William's invasion of England faced delays as his fleet of ships was not immediately ready despite being assembled by August 12th. The delay of over a month may have been due to factors like unfavorable winds and concerns about Harold's spies in Normandy. The extended assembly of the army in Normandy created issues of security and morale. William had to manage knights and retainers who were prone to misconduct, damaging crops, and disrupting ship production. William had to control these men to maintain order and keep morale up amidst the waiting period.
Tostig's Failed Attempts to Secure Support
Tostig, Harold's brother, failed to secure support for his cause against Harold from various key figures such as Duke William, Count Baldwin, King Malcolm of Scotland, and even his cousin King Swain of Denmark. Tostig's attempts to gain allies and get them involved in the war were met with refusal or offers of compromise. Left with no options, Tostig sought the aid of King Harold Hadrada of Norway, a renowned Viking warrior and leader.