Unruly Labor: A History of Oil in the Arabian Sea (Stanford UP, 2024) by Andrea Wright offers a critical and nuanced examination of the labor regimes that sustain the oil economies of the Arabian Peninsula. Challenging dominant narratives centered on state-building, elite wealth, and resource control, Wright focuses on the transnational laborers whose work has been essential to the region’s economic development. She explores how oil extractive economies depend not only on physical resources but also on the regulation, mobility, and discipline of migrant workers, particularly those from South Asia.
The book traces the histories of labor migration across the Arabian Sea, revealing how colonial legacies, neoliberal policies, and contemporary state practices shape the lives of migrant workers. Wright argues that rather than being passive victims of state control, these workers navigate complex systems of power, leveraging networks and strategies to resist exploitation. From recruitment agencies in India to labor camps in the Gulf, she uncovers how workers contest the structures designed to discipline them—sometimes subtly, through everyday acts of defiance, and sometimes through overt resistance.
At the heart of Unruly Labor is a critique of how oil economies function not just through the material extraction of petroleum but through the extraction of labor itself. Wright draws on ethnographic research, archival sources, and interviews to illustrate the racialized and gendered hierarchies embedded in these labor systems. She examines how Gulf states, in collaboration with sending countries, enforce restrictive labor policies that render migrants both essential and disposable. Yet, despite these constraints, migrants carve out spaces of agency, forging solidarity and alternative futures within and beyond the oil economy.
By linking the history of oil to the lived experiences of laborers, Wright offers a compelling intervention in studies of the Gulf, labor migration, and global capitalism. Unruly Labor is essential reading for scholars of anthropology, history, and political economy, as well as anyone interested in the hidden forces that sustain global energy markets.
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