007: Turkey's Political Tension: Secularism, Islam, and Nationalism

In this compelling episode, we sit down with a Dr. S. Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana whose deep personal and scholarly ties to Turkey illuminate one of the most significant political transformations of the last century. Together, we trace Turkey’s journey from the final years of the Ottoman Empire to the creation of a modern, secular republic—and then to the rise of a powerful religious-nationalist project under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

The conversation begins with a historical grounding in the Ottoman Empire’s governance, its relationship to Islam, and the profound rupture brought by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s reforms. We explore the architecture of Turkish secularism, how it was enforced, and why it became both a source of national pride and cultural tension.

From there, the guest unpacks the emergence of political Islam in the late 20th century, the AKP’s ascent, and Erdoğan’s evolution from reformist mayor to dominant executive. We examine how religion gradually moved from the margins into the center of statecraft, reshaping institutions, education, media, and public life. A major focus is the 2016 coup attempt—its shockwaves, contested narratives, and how it became the pivotal moment that cemented Erdoğan’s near-total control.

The episode also highlights the diversity and resilience of Turkish civil society. Women’s movements, humor-driven protest cultures, and grassroots organizing offer alternative visions of democracy and resistance amid growing authoritarianism. Finally, we draw resonant parallels between Turkey’s trajectory and political shifts inside the United States, identifying global patterns of illiberalism, democratic backsliding, and creative forms of opposition.

A rich, textured, and timely discussion for anyone seeking to understand the intersections of history, religion, nationalism, and democratic struggle.

Episode Timeline

00:00 — Introduction and Guest Background

01:03 — Historical Context of Turkey

03:51 — Ottoman Empire and Islamic Influence

09:25 — Modernization and Secularism in Turkey

25:25 — Rise of Turkish Religious Nationalism

30:22 — Erdoğan’s Political Journey

44:43 — 2016 Coup Attempt and Aftermath

46:11 — Erdoğan’s Response to the Coup

47:27 — The Impact of the Coup on Turkish Democracy

48:43 — The Role of Religion in the Coup

52:54 — Resistance Movements in Turkey

58:45 — The Role of Humor in Protests

01:00:55 — Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Turkey

01:18:12 — Comparing Turkey and the U.S.: Lessons in Democracy

01:20:52 — Closing Thoughts and Reflections

Additional Reources:

Kadayifci, Ayse. “Muslim Women’s Peace Initiatives” in Women, Religion and Peacebuilding: Illuminating the Unseen Susan Hayward and Katherine Marshall eds. USIP press (2015)

Dr. S. Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana is Associate Professor at Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Gender Peace and Security Advisor at Georgetown Institute of Women, Peace and Security. Before coming to Georgetown University she served as a consultant for the Religion and Peacebuilding Program at United States Institute of Peace. Her research focuses on Muslim women’s peacebuilding initiatives, mediation and peace building, religion and conflict resolution, interfaith dialogue, Islamic approaches to war and peace, and Islam and nonviolence.

Dr. Matthew D. Taylor is the senior Christian scholar at the Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies in Baltimore, where he specializes in American Christianity, American Islam, Christian extremism, and religious politics. His book, The Violent Take It by Force: The Christian Movement that is Threatening Our Democracy (Broadleaf, 2024), tracks how a loose network of charismatic Christian leaders called the New Apostolic Reformation was a major instigating force for the January 6th Insurrection and is currently reshaping the culture of the religious right in the U.S. Taylor is also the creator of the audio docuseries Charismatic Revival Fury: The New Apostolic Reformation.

Rev. Susan Hayward: was until recently the lead on the US Institute of Peace’s efforts to understand religious dimensions of conflict and advance efforts engaging religious actors and organizations in peacebuilding. She has conducted political asylum and refugee work with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Advocates for Human Rights. Rev. Hayward studied Buddhism in Nepal and is an ordained minister in the United Church of Christ.

www.axismundi.us

Executive Producer: Dr. Bradley Onishi

Producer: Andrew Gill

Original Music and Mixing: Scott Okamoto

Production Assistance: Kari Onishi

Funded through generous contributions from ICJS, Princeton Theological Seminary, and the ICRD.

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