Alissa Klots, "Domestic Service in the Soviet Union; Women's Emancipation and the Gendered Hierarchy of Labor" (Cambridge UP, 2024)
Dec 15, 2024
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Dr. Alissa Klots, an expert on Soviet history, discusses her groundbreaking work on domestic service in the Soviet Union. She highlights the paradox between the Bolsheviks' egalitarian ideals and the reality of domestic labor, revealing how domestic workers navigated their roles within a gendered hierarchy. Klots dives into the changing rights of these workers, the complexities of union participation, and the lasting impact of state initiatives on gender relations today. Her insights offer a fresh perspective on class and gender inequality under socialism.
The evolution of domestic service in the Soviet Union highlights the tension between socialist ideals of equality and the persistent gendered hierarchy in labor.
Legal recognition of domestic workers represented a progressive shift, yet practical enforcement of their rights remained complicated by social structures and employer dynamics.
Deep dives
The Evolution of Domestic Service in Soviet Society
Domestic service in the Soviet Union has an intricate history that reflects broader social and economic transformations. Initially regarded as a remnant of pre-capitalist society, domestic labor was simultaneously essential for the functioning of households, especially as women entered the workforce during periods of industrialization. Despite the Bolsheviks’ attempts to abolish exploitative practices, paid domestic labor persisted, highlighting the contradictions in socialist ideology regarding class and gender roles. This paradox illustrates how domestic service was both engrained in social structures and recognized as a necessary component in the Soviet economy, prompting ongoing discussions about labor rights and societal norms.
Legal Framework and Protection for Domestic Workers
The Soviet Union was unique in its legal recognition of domestic workers as employees under labor laws, marking a significant shift from traditional perceptions of domestic service. Although the 1918 labor code provided initial protections, by the mid-1920s, a specialized law was enacted that limited some rights, such as overtime compensation. Despite this, the law was progressive for its time, entitling domestic workers to paid time off and insurance contributions. The existence of union oversight also aided in providing a platform for domestic workers to claim their rights, although the practical realities within private households often complicated enforcement.
Class Consciousness and Union Involvement
The transition from domestic servants to recognized workers was fueled by the efforts of unions to awaken class consciousness among domestic workers. Through education, political meetings, and participation in union activities, domestic workers were encouraged to view themselves as integral to the socialist project. However, skepticism about the benefits of union membership persisted, as domestic workers feared potential job loss if their employers disapproved. Despite these challenges, increased awareness and participation in the union provided domestic workers with tools to assert their rights and negotiate better working conditions.
Changing Perspectives on Domestic Work
Post-Stalin, discussions on domestic labor resurfaced within the broader context of social inequality, especially under Khrushchev's leadership. Calls for addressing domestic service emerged, critiquing the privileges of the elite who employed domestic workers at the expense of equity. Concurrently, the Soviet regime sought to reframe domestic workers as professional caregivers, essential for the maintenance of socialist ideals in households. However, while this rebranding elevated the perceived value of domestic work, inherent disparities between domestic and productive labor remained, emphasizing ongoing tensions between gender, class, and labor rights.
Domestic Service in the Soviet Union: Women's Emancipation and the Gendered Hierarchy of Labor (Cambridge University Press, 2024) by Dr. Alissa Klots is the first to explore the evolution of domestic service in the Soviet Union, set against the background of changing discourses on women, labour, and socialist living. Even though domestic service conflicted with the Bolsheviks' egalitarian message, the regime embraced paid domestic labor as a temporary solution to the problem of housework.
Analyzing sources ranging from court cases to oral interviews, Dr. Klots demonstrates how the regime both facilitated and thwarted domestic workers' efforts to reinvent themselves as equal members of Soviet society. Here, a desire to make maids and nannies equal participants in the building of socialism clashed with a gendered ideology where housework was women's work. This book serves not only as a window into class and gender inequality under socialism, but as a vantage point to examine the power of state initiatives to improve the lives of household workers in the modern world.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.