FT News Briefing The Rachman Review: Europe’s triple shock: Putin, Trump and Xi
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Dec 25, 2025 
Historian Timothy Garton Ash, known for his insights on European integration and the end of communism, joins the discussion on Europe's current crises. He explores how Russia’s invasion marks a new era and the missed chances with Russia post-2014. Garton Ash reflects on Angela Merkel's legacy and the mixed responses of European leaders. He highlights Europe’s military support for Ukraine while noting the continent’s geopolitical limitations. The conversation raises questions about Europe's future amidst rising populism and the need for unity against external threats.
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Europe Entered A New Era In 2022
- The invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 marks a new era in Europe after the post-wall period.
- Timothy Garton Ash says full-scale interstate war redefined Europe's geopolitical reality.
Post-Wall Integration Was Remarkable
- The post-wall period achieved major democratic and economic gains across Europe until about 2007.
- Garton Ash highlights the 1989–2007 integration of former communist states into EU and NATO structures.
2008 Onward Reversed Integration Momentum
- Crises since 2008 reversed earlier momentum, starting with the global financial crisis and Russia's actions in 2008 and 2014.
- He argues a firmer response after 2014 might have prevented the current larger war.