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The foundations of modern investing have shifted significantly, moving from traditional stock-picking methods to a science-based approach. This change was sparked by revolutionary academic research, particularly from the University of Chicago, which established that markets operate efficiently rather than allowing active managers to consistently outsmart them. Pioneers like Eugene Fama illustrated that many investment strategies lacked empirical support, revealing that market prices often reflect all available information. This academic insight challenged long-held beliefs about Wall Street practices and laid the groundwork for a more structured investment philosophy.