Pill Pod 142 - Systems Theory Politics in the Shadow of Gaza
Oct 14, 2023
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In this podcast, the hosts discuss the political climate and recent events in Gaza, highlighting the need for a critical approach to the Israeli state. They explore the political dynamics in Gaza, the autonomy of systems in the escalating conflict, and the contrasting views of classical Marxists and physio kratz. The chapter also delves into foundational legitimacy, representation in politics, the limitations of individual politicians, and the challenge of changing systems.
Legitimacy in politics is now based on popularity rather than moral principles and grand ideals.
Functional differentiation causes a crisis in representation as no entity can speak for the entire society and popularity becomes the measure of legitimacy.
Functional differentiation makes it difficult to achieve radical change in complex interconnected systems, undermining the myth of overthrowing systems for dramatic transformation.
Deep dives
Legitimacy as Popularity of Political Parties
Legitimacy in politics today is simply a matter of popularity of political parties. It is no longer connected to morality or grand principles. The emphasis is on winning elections and drumming up support. Legitimacy becomes a knee-jerk reaction to opinion polls and the constant visualization of popularity indicators. Politicians use this popularity contest to establish legitimacy, but it is a shallow representation of the overall system.
Functional Differentiation and Representation Crisis
Functional differentiation refers to the idea that different societal systems, such as economics, law, and politics, exist as closed systems that do not directly interact with each other. This functional differentiation causes a crisis in representation, as no single entity can claim to represent the entire society. The shift from a unified representation to fragmented systems leads to a loss of legitimacy as no one can speak for the whole. Popularity becomes the primary measure of legitimacy, causing a crisis in the notion of representation.
The Impossibility of Overthrowing Functionally Differentiated Systems
Functional differentiation also highlights the impossibility of overthrowing functionally differentiated systems. Unlike traditional systems with a central figure or leader, these systems are complex and interconnected, making change difficult to achieve. Even if a particular leader or party gains power, the broader system interactions and entrenched structures limit the potential for radical change. The myth of overthrowing systems and the hope for dramatic transformation is often misplaced, as the systems themselves hold more power and influence than individual leaders.
The Shift from Pre-Modern to Modern Legitimacy
In pre-modern states, legitimacy was derived from nature or divine authority, such as a king's direct bloodline to God. However, with the transition to modernity, legitimacy became contingent on stability and citizen safety. Foundational legitimacy requires providing stability, while contingent legitimacy can stem from factors like democracy. The French Revolution marked a turning point, with legitimacy no longer tied to nature. Lumen's work explores the semantic shifts in legitimacy and the socio-structural changes that accompanied the transition to functional differentiation in modern society.
The Paradox of Participation and the Fragmentation of Systems
The valorization of participation as a moral good in modern society paradoxically leads to increased conflict and bureaucratic decision-making. While participation is deemed essential for democracy, the need for inclusivity and consensus results in lengthy decision-making processes that often hinder progress. Moreover, Lumen argues that functional differentiation across various social systems, such as politics, economics, and law, leads to conflicting descriptions of legitimacy, limiting the potential for a unified understanding of society. Each system focuses on legitimating its own functions and maximizing its own objectives, perpetuating moralistic claims that fail to address the complex interdependencies between interconnected systems.
Despite the shadow of Gaza hanging over our consciences this week, we try to introduce Systems Theory via politics. The book is Political Theory in the Welfare State by Niklas Luhmann (https://amzn.to/48Q6I3g), and we hope to give you a glimpse of what it looks like in practice. This is the sixth episode on systems theory, some of which are on here and all of which are on patreon at www.patreon.com/plasticpills
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