The Seen and the Unseen - hosted by Amit Varma Ep 410: Shruti Rajagopalan Remembers the Angle of the Light
In this engaging conversation, Shruti Rajagopalan, an acclaimed economist and public intellectual, shares her insights into the intersection of education, privilege, and economic thought. She critiques traditional educational frameworks, advocating for personalized learning experiences that nurture diverse talents. The discussion touches on the importance of critical thinking, the nuances of price communication in markets, and the role of institutional support in fostering innovation. With anecdotes and reflections, Shruti underscores the need for structural change in academia and beyond.
06:48:00
A Life in Academia
- Shruti Rajagopalan has spent her entire life in educational institutions, from pre-K to her current role at Mercatus Center.
- Her experience blurs the lines between learning and doing economics, as she studies, teaches, writes, and interacts with regulators.
Indian Education System
- The Indian education system prioritizes selection over learning, stemming from historical needs of the British Raj and later, socialist central planning.
- This focus on exams and memorization discourages genuine understanding and exploration of diverse interests.
Privilege and Perspective
- Shruti Rajagopalan only realized the extent of her privileged upbringing after moving to the US and encountering diverse backgrounds.
- Growing up, college was the minimum expectation, and intellectual pursuits like music and reading were normalized within her social circle.
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Intro
00:00 • 5min
Rethinking Education and Personal Narratives
04:52 • 25min
Education, Privilege, and Economic Insight
29:44 • 28min
The Language of Prices
58:07 • 8min
Privilege of Choice in Academia
01:05:44 • 23min
Exploring the Inefficiencies of Podcast Distribution and the Art of Cricket Writing
01:28:17 • 2min
The Journey of Learning and Discovery
01:29:58 • 15min
Influences and Lessons from Academia
01:44:47 • 3min
The Generosity of Academia
01:48:16 • 27min
The Power of Practice and Intellectual Engagement
02:15:02 • 12min
Navigating Knowledge in the Digital Age
02:27:17 • 17min
The Value of Engaging with Adam Smith
02:44:26 • 15min
Navigating Time, Joy, and Language in Literature
02:59:20 • 2min
Exploring New Frontiers in Learning
03:00:53 • 2min
Reflections on Legacy and Reform
03:02:59 • 27min
Nurturing Talent through Support Systems
03:30:14 • 22min
Exploring Intellectual Contributions and Discourse Boundaries in India
03:52:26 • 2min
The Foundations of Classical Liberalism
03:54:34 • 17min
Navigating Academia: Teaching and Research Insights
04:11:27 • 7min
Law, Economics, and Constitutional Change
04:18:06 • 8min
Charting a New Path in Academia
04:25:43 • 29min
Exploring Passion Beyond Financial Constraints
04:55:07 • 2min
Reviving the Writer's Journey and Exploring Mythical Inspirations
04:56:56 • 2min
Wisdom and Overcoming Doubt
04:58:42 • 7min
Empowering Innovation: Rethinking Funding Models
05:05:15 • 32min
Empowering Individual Thinkers
05:37:36 • 7min
Building Institutional Impact
05:44:45 • 22min
The Emotional Journey of Music
06:06:29 • 20min
Economics, Literature, and Cinematic Joy
06:26:36 • 11min
The Art of Writing and Learning
06:38:00 • 6min
The Dynamics of Learning and Cultivating Taste
06:44:23 • 3min
Democracy in Deficit
Richard E. Wagner
James M. Buchanan
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass
Lewis Carroll
Mitchell, Adrian
Premature Imitation and India’s Flailing State
Premature Imitation and India’s Flailing State
Shruti Rajagopalan
Alexander Tabarrok
The libertarian mind
A Manifesto for Freedom
David Boaz
Takings
Richard Epstein
India's State
India's State
Karthik Muralidharan
An equal music
An equal music
Vikram Seth
Breaking Out
Padma Desai
Where has all the education gone?
Where has all the education gone?
Lant Pritchett
Life Lessons
Max Lucado
Economic Growth is Enough and Only Economic Growth is Enough
Economic Growth is Enough and Only Economic Growth is Enough
Lant Pritchett
India Planning for Industrialization
India Planning for Industrialization
Padma Desai
Jagdish Bhagwati
Planning for Development
Planning for Development
Jagdish Bhagwati
Padma Desai
The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal
The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal
Gurcharan Das
Publish and Perish
Publish and Perish
Agnes Callard
Two Treatises Of Government
John Locke
Published in 1689, 'Two Treatises of Government' is a seminal work by John Locke that critiques the divine right of kings and advocates for a government based on the consent of the governed. The first treatise refutes Robert Filmer's 'Patriarcha,' which argued for the divine right of kings, while the second treatise outlines Locke's theory of civil society, the state of nature, natural rights, and the social contract. Locke argues that legitimate governments derive their power from the consent of the people and that individuals have the right to rebellion if the government fails to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His ideas significantly influenced the American and French Revolutions and remain central to liberal political theory[2][4][5].
Down and Out in Paris and London
George Orwell
Published in 1933, 'Down and Out in Paris and London' is George Orwell's first full-length book, a semi-autobiographical account of his time living in poverty. The book is divided into two parts: the first describes his life in near-destitution in Paris, including his work as a dishwasher in a hotel and his struggles with hunger and homelessness. The second part recounts his experiences in London, where he lived as a tramp and explored the harsh realities of poverty and the conditions in workhouses and lodging houses. Orwell's narrative sheds light on societal inequalities and the struggles of those on the fringes of society, challenging the romantic notions of poverty and highlighting the structural issues that lead to homelessness[2][3][5].
Gulliver's travels
Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is a satirical masterpiece that uses fantastical journeys to critique human nature and societal flaws. Gulliver's encounters with Lilliputians, Brobdingnagians, and other fantastical creatures serve as allegories for political and social issues of Swift's time. The novel's sharp wit and biting satire continue to resonate with readers today, offering a timeless commentary on human folly and the complexities of power. Gulliver's experiences highlight the absurdity of human conflict and the importance of reason and moderation. The book's enduring popularity stems from its ability to entertain while simultaneously provoking thought and challenging readers' assumptions.
Dismantling Industrial Planning
Dismantling Industrial Planning
Rakesh Mohan
Vandana Arora
Animal Farm
George Orwell
Published in 1945, 'Animal Farm' is a novella that allegorically represents the Russian Revolution and the subsequent rise of Stalinism. The story begins with Old Major, a boar, inspiring the animals of Manor Farm to rebel against their human oppressor, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion, the animals rename the farm 'Animal Farm' and establish a utopian society based on the principles of equality and solidarity, known as Animalism. However, as time passes, the pigs, led by Napoleon and Snowball, consolidate power and gradually corrupt the original ideals, leading to a dystopian regime that mirrors the oppressive human rule they initially rebelled against. The novel critiques totalitarianism and the corrupting nature of power, reflecting Orwell's experiences and views on the Soviet Union under Stalin's rule.
Breaking Through
Isher Judge Ahluwalia
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" offers a stark and unforgettable portrayal of life in a Soviet labor camp. Through the eyes of Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, the novel depicts the harsh realities of daily existence under Stalinist oppression. Solzhenitsyn's masterful use of detail creates a vivid and immersive experience, allowing readers to feel the cold, the hunger, and the constant threat of violence. The novel's power lies in its unflinching honesty and its ability to evoke empathy for the suffering of its protagonist. Despite the grim setting, the story also reveals the resilience of the human spirit and the capacity for hope even in the face of unimaginable hardship.
The Gulag Archipelago
An Experiment in Literary Investigation
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
The Gulag Archipelago is a three-volume series written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, exploring the Soviet labour camp system through a mix of historical narrative, personal accounts, and literary investigation. The book traces the history of the Gulag from Vladimir Lenin's decrees to the era of Nikita Khrushchev, detailing the arrest, conviction, transport, and imprisonment of prisoners. It includes Solzhenitsyn's own experiences as a Gulag prisoner and accounts from other inmates, highlighting the brutal conditions, forced labor, and the psychological and physical suffering of the prisoners. The work is a testament to the human spirit's struggle against evil and serves as a comprehensive critique of the Soviet regime's use of terror against its population[2][5][3].
Can Economics Become More Reflexive?
Can Economics Become More Reflexive?
Vijayendra (Biju) Rao
Rangarajan Committee Report
Rangarajan Committee Report
C. Rangarajan
The Three Languages of Politics
Arnold Kling
Narasimham Committee Report
Narasimham Committee Report
M. Narasimham
Perestroika and Progress
Perestroika and Progress
Padma Desai
A Suitable Boy
Vikram Seth
Escaping Paternalism
Escaping Paternalism
Mario Rizzo
Strategy of Conflict
Thomas Schelling
Written against the backdrop of the nuclear arms race in the late 1950s, this book sets forth Thomas Schelling's vision of game theory as a unifying framework for the social sciences. It explores areas where progress has been least satisfactory, including negotiations, war and threats of war, criminal deterrence, extortion, and tacit bargaining. Schelling's analysis highlights enlightening similarities between various conflict scenarios, such as maneuvering in limited war and in a traffic jam, and deterring adversaries versus one’s own children. His work emphasizes the importance of strategic commitments, the credibility of uncertain retaliation, and the exploitation of potential force rather than its application. The book has significantly influenced conflict resolution and the development of game theory across the social sciences.
Economics of Religion
Economics of Religion
Sriya Iyer
The Use of Knowledge in Society
Friedrich Hayek
In this seminal article, Hayek argues that the knowledge necessary for economic decision-making is dispersed among individuals and cannot be centralized. He emphasizes that market prices play a crucial role in disseminating this knowledge, allowing individuals to make rational economic decisions without needing complete information. Hayek critiques central planning, suggesting that it cannot match the efficiency of market mechanisms in utilizing local and specific knowledge held by various members of society.
Individualism and Economic Order
Friedrich Hayek
Friedrich Hayek's "Individualism and Economic Order" is a collection of essays that explores various aspects of economic theory and the role of individual liberty in a free society. The essays cover topics such as the price system, the role of competition, and the limitations of government intervention. Hayek's work emphasizes the importance of spontaneous order and the decentralized nature of knowledge in economic systems. He argues that free markets are the most efficient way to allocate resources and coordinate economic activity. The book's insights have had a lasting impact on economic thought and policy, influencing debates on free markets, individual liberty, and the role of government.
Atlas Shrugged
Ayn Rand
Published in 1957, 'Atlas Shrugged' is Ayn Rand's magnum opus and her longest novel. The story is set in a dystopian United States where increasingly burdensome laws and regulations strangle innovation and productivity. The plot follows Dagny Taggart, a railroad executive, and Hank Rearden, a steel magnate, as they struggle against 'looters' who exploit their work. A mysterious figure named John Galt leads a strike of productive individuals, persuading them to abandon their companies and disappear. The novel culminates with Galt's three-hour radio speech explaining his philosophy of Objectivism, which emphasizes rational self-interest, individual rights, and the importance of the human mind. The book explores themes of capitalism, property rights, and the failures of governmental coercion, presenting a provocative vision of a society in collapse and the potential for a new capitalist society based on Galt's principles.
Economics in one lesson
Henry Hazlitt
In 'Economics in One Lesson', Henry Hazlitt provides a concise and instructive introduction to economics by dissecting common economic fallacies. The book's central lesson is that good economics involves considering the long-term and indirect consequences of any policy for all groups, not just the immediate effects on a specific group. Hazlitt uses examples like the 'broken window fallacy' to illustrate how focusing only on immediate benefits can overlook the broader, often negative, consequences. The book advocates for free markets, economic liberty, and non-governmental solutions, making it a critical read for understanding basic economic principles and the pitfalls of government intervention[1][4][5].
She's an economist, an institution-builder, an ecosystem-nurturer and one of our finest thinkers. Shruti Rajagopalan joins Amit Varma in episode 410 of The Seen and the Unseen to talk about her life & times -- and her remarkable work. (FOR FULL LINKED SHOW NOTES, GO TO SEENUNSEEN.IN.) Also check out: 1. Shruti Rajagopalan on Twitter, Substack, Instagram, her podcast, Ideas of India and her own website. 2. Emergent Ventures India. 3. The 1991 Project. 4. Life Lessons That Are Priceless -- Episodes 400 of The Seen and the Unseen. 5. Other episodes of The Seen and the Unseen w Shruti Rajagopalan, in reverse chronological order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 6. The Day Ryan Started Masturbating -- Amit Varma's newsletter post explaining Shruti Rajagopalan's swimming pool analogy for social science research. 7. A Deep Dive Into Education -- Episode 54 of Everything is Everything. 8. Fixing Indian Education — Episode 185 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Karthik Muralidharan). 9. Population Is Not a Problem, but Our Greatest Strength -- Amit Varma. 10. Our Population Is Our Greatest Asset -- Episode 20 of Everything is Everything. 11. Where Has All the Education Gone? -- Lant Pritchett. 12. Lant Pritchett Is on Team Prosperity — Episode 379 of The Seen and the Unseen. 13. The Theory of Moral Sentiments — Adam Smith. 14. The Wealth of Nations — Adam Smith. 15. Commanding Heights -- Daniel Yergin. 16. Capitalism and Freedom -- Milton Friedman. 17. Free to Choose -- Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman. 18. Economics in One Lesson -- Henry Hazlitt. 19. The Road to Serfdom -- Friedrich Hayek. 20. Four Papers That Changed the World -- Episode 41 of Everything is Everything. 21. The Use of Knowledge in Society -- Friedrich Hayek. 22. Individualism and Economic Order -- Friedrich Hayek. 23. Understanding the State -- Episode 25 of Everything is Everything. 24. Richard E Wagner at Mercatus and Amazon. 25. Larry White and the First Principles of Money -- Episode 397 of The Seen and the Unseen. 26. Fixing the Knowledge Society -- Episode 24 of Everything is Everything. 27. Marginal Revolution. 28. Paul Graham's essays. 29. Commands and controls: Planning for indian industrial development, 1951–1990 -- Rakesh Mohan and Vandana Aggarwal. 30. The Reformers -- Episode 28 of Everything is Everything. 31. India: Planning for Industrialization -- Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai. 32. Open Borders: The Science and Ethics of Immigration -- Bryan Caplan and Zach Weinersmith. 33. Cows on India Uncut. 34. Abdul Karim Khan on Spotify and YouTube. 35. The Surface Area of Serendipity -- Episode 39 of Everything is Everything. 36. Objects From Our Past -- Episode 77 of Everything is Everything. 37. Sriya Iyer on the Economics of Religion -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 38. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Ramachandra Guha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 39. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Pratap Bhanu Mehta: 1, 2. 40. Rohit Lamba Reimagines India’s Economic Policy Emphasis -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 41. Rohit Lamba Will Never Be Bezubaan — Episode 378 of The Seen and the Unseen. 42. The Constitutional Law and Philosophy blog. 43. Cost and Choice -- James Buchanan. 44. Philip Wicksteed. 45. Pratap Bhanu Mehta on The Theory of Moral Sentiments -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 46. Conversation and Society — Episode 182 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Russ Roberts). 47. The Common Sense of Political Economy -- Philip Wicksteed. 48. Narendra Shenoy and Mr Narendra Shenoy — Episode 250 of The Seen and the Unseen. 49. Sudhir Sarnobat Works to Understand the World — Episode 350 of The Seen and the Unseen. 50. Manmohan Singh: India's Finest Talent Scout -- Shruti Rajagopalan. 51. The Importance of the 1991 Reforms — Episode 237 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan and Ajay Shah). 52. The Life and Times of Montek Singh Ahluwalia — Episode 285 of The Seen and the Unseen. 53. The Forgotten Greatness of PV Narasimha Rao — Episode 283 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Vinay Sitapati). 54. India’s Massive Pensions Crisis — Episode 347 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ajay Shah & Renuka Sane). 55. The Life and Times of KP Krishnan — Episode 355 of The Seen and the Unseen. 56. Breaking Through — Isher Judge Ahluwalia. 57. Breaking Out — Padma Desai. 58. Perestroika in Perspective -- Padma Desai. 59. Shephali Bhatt Is Searching for the Incredible — Episode 391 of The Seen and the Unseen. 60. Pics from the Seen-Unseen party. 61. Pramod Varma on India’s Digital Empowerment -- Episode 50 of Brave New World. 59. Niranjan Rajadhyaksha Is the Impartial Spectator — Episode 388 of The Seen and the Unseen. 60. Our Parliament and Our Democracy — Episode 253 of The Seen and the Unseen (w MR Madhavan). 61. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Pranay Kotasthane: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 62. The Overton Window. 63. When Ideas Have Sex -- Matt Ridley. 64. The Three Languages of Politics — Arnold Kling. 65. Arnold Kling and the Four Languages of Politics -- Episode 394 of The Seen and the Unseen. 66. The Double ‘Thank You’ Moment — John Stossel. 67. Economic growth is enough and only economic growth is enough — Lant Pritchett with Addison Lewis. 68. What is Libertarianism? — Episode 117 of The Seen and the Unseen (w David Boaz). 69. What Does It Mean to Be Libertarian? — Episode 64 of The Seen and the Unseen. 70. The Libertarian Mind: A Manifesto for Freedom -- David Boaz. 71. Publish and Perish — Agnes Callard. 72. Classical Liberal Institute. 73. Shruti Rajagopalan’s YouTube talk on constitutional amendments. 74. What I, as a development economist, have been actively “for” -- Lant Pritchett. 75. Can Economics Become More Reflexive? — Vijayendra Rao. 76. Premature Imitation and India’s Flailing State — Shruti Rajagopalan & Alexander Tabarrok. 77. Elite Imitation in Public Policy — Episode 180 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan and Alex Tabarrok). 78. Invisible Infrastructure -- Episode 82 of Everything is Everything. 79. The Sundara Kanda. 80. Devdutt Pattanaik and the Stories That Shape Us -- Episode 404 of The Seen and the Unseen. 81. Y Combinator. 82. Space Fields. 83. Apoorwa Masuk, Onkar Singh Batra, Naman Pushp, Angad Daryani, Deepak VS and Srijon Sarkar. 84. Deepak VS and the Man Behind His Face — Episode 373 of The Seen and the Unseen. 85. You've Got To Hide Your Love Away -- The Beatles. 86. Caste, Capitalism and Chandra Bhan Prasad — Episode 296 of The Seen and the Unseen. 87. Data For India -- Rukmini S's startup. 88. Whole Numbers And Half Truths — Rukmini S. 89. The Moving Curve — Rukmini S’s Covid podcast, also on all podcast apps. 90. The Importance of Data Journalism — Episode 196 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Rukmini S). 91. Rukmini Sees India’s Multitudes — Episode 261 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Rukmini S). 92. Prosperiti. 93. This Be The Verse — Philip Larkin. 94. The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal -- Gurcharan Das. 95. Zakir: 1951-2024 -- Shruti Rajagopalan. 96. Dazzling Blue -- Paul Simon, featuring Karaikudi R Mani. 97. John Coltrane, Shakti, Zakir Hussain, Ali Akbar Khan, Pannalal Ghosh, Nikhil Banerjee, Vilayat Khan, Bismillah Khan, Ravi Shankar, Bhimsen Joshi, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Esperanza Spalding, MS Subbulakshmi, Lalgudi Jayaraman, TN Krishnan, Sanjay Subrahmanyan, Ranjani-Gayatri and TM Krishna on Spotify. 98. James Buchanan, Gordon Tullock, Israel Kirzner, Mario Rizzo, Vernon Smith, Thomas Schelling and Ronald Coase. 99. The Calculus of Consent -- James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock. 100. Tim Harford and Martin Wolf. 101. The Shawshank Redemption -- Frank Darabont. 102. The Marriage of Figaro in The Shawshank Redemption. 103. An Equal Music -- Vikram Seth. 104. Beethoven: Symphony No. 7 - Zubin Mehta and the Belgrade Philharmonic. 105. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's violin concertos. 106. Animal Farm -- George Orwell. 107. Down and Out in Paris and London -- George Orwell. 108. Gulliver's Travels -- Jonathan Swift. 109. Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass -- Lewis Carroll. 110. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich -- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 111. The Gulag Archipelago -- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 112. Khosla Ka Ghosla -- Dibakar Banerjee. 113. Mr India -- Shekhar Kapur. 114. Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi -- Satyen Bose. 114. Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton. 115. Tom and Jerry and Bugs Bunny. 116. Michael Madana Kama Rajan -- Singeetam Srinivasa Rao. 117. The Music Box, with Laurel and Hardy. 118. The Disciple -- Chaitanya Tamhane. 119. Court -- Chaitanya Tamhane. 120. Dwarkesh Patel on YouTube. Amit Varma and Ajay Shah have launched a new course called Life Lessons, which aims to be a launchpad towards learning essential life skills all of you need. For more details, and to sign up, click here. Amit and Ajay also bring out a weekly YouTube show, Everything is Everything. Have you watched it yet? You must! And have you read Amit’s newsletter? Subscribe right away to The India Uncut Newsletter! It’s free! Also check out Amit’s online course, The Art of Clear Writing. Episode art: ‘Learn' by Simahina.