Susan A. Brewer, "The Best Land: Four Hundred Years of Love and Betrayal on Oneida Territory" (Three Hills, 2024)
Jan 12, 2025
auto_awesome
Alette Smeulers, a law professor specializing in mass violence, delves into the psyche of perpetrators in this thought-provoking discussion. She dissects the complex motivations behind mass atrocities, revealing how ordinary individuals can become complicit through obedience and societal pressures. Exploring the nuances of conflict-driven violence, Smeulers shares gripping case studies that highlight moral decay amidst turmoil. The conversation also addresses the ethical dilemmas survivors face and the evolution of perpetrators, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding to prevent future atrocities.
Perpetrators of mass atrocities often come from ordinary backgrounds, emphasizing the need to understand varied motivations behind such extreme behaviors.
Recognizing the role of group dynamics and the influence of societal pressures is crucial for preventing individuals from conforming to harmful norms.
Deep dives
Understanding Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities
The study of mass atrocities reveals that perpetrators often emerge from ordinary backgrounds, challenging the perception that they are inherently evil individuals. Alette Smolers emphasizes that motivations for such actions can vary greatly; some individuals act out of obedience, others are driven by ideology, and some commit atrocities for personal gain. This nuanced understanding highlights the importance of recognizing a spectrum of perpetrator types rather than oversimplifying the issue. By defining mass atrocity in a broader context, including terrorism, the conversation shifts to understanding the diverse factors that contribute to collective violence.
The Fanatic and the Deranged
Within the framework of different perpetrator types, fanatics are identified as individuals driven by a strong ideological belief, often leading to extreme violence. In contrast, the deranged perpetrator is characterized by mental deficiencies or illnesses that predispose them to commit crimes, regardless of the political context. Smolers illustrates how the fanatic operates within extremist movements, while the deranged may act violently irrespective of societal shifts. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify how different psychological factors contribute to the spectrum of behavior seen in perpetrators of mass violence.
The Role of Followers in Mass Atrocities
The category of followers consists of ordinary individuals who may not have violent inclinations but become complicit in atrocities due to societal pressure and a desire for conformity. Many followers, raised to obey authority figures, find it easier to align with prevailing ideologies during times of crisis. This can lead to a dangerous dynamic where individuals suppress their moral beliefs to blend in with the group. Recognizing the power of group dynamics emphasizes the need for education that fosters critical thinking and encourages individuals to dissent against harmful norms.
Preventing Future Atrocities Through Understanding
Smolers argues that to effectively prevent mass atrocities, society must address the different motivations behind perpetrator behavior. For instance, improving mental health services can support individuals who might fall into the deranged category, while creating structures that prevent financial gain from violence can deter profiteers. Education plays a crucial role in nurturing a culture that values standing up against injustices, teaching future generations to challenge harmful ideologies. By applying this knowledge, society can identify and mitigate the risks associated with the descent into violence and extremism.
The 9/11 attacks, as well as the ones in Madrid, London, Paris and Brussels; the genocides in Nazi Germany, Rwanda and Cambodia; the torture in dictatorial regimes; the wars in former Yugoslavia, Syria and Iraq and currently in Ukraine; the sexual violence during periods of conflict, all make us wonder: why would anyone do something like that? Who are these people?
Drawing on 30 years of research, Alette Smeulers explores the perpetrators of mass atrocities such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and terrorism. Examining questions of why people kill and torture and how mass atrocities can be explained, Smeulers presents a typology of perpetrators, with different ranks, roles and motives. Devoting one chapter to each type of perpetrator, Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities: Terribly and Terrifyingly Normal? (Routledge, 2023) combines insights from academic research with illustrative case studies of well-known perpetrators, from dictators to middlemen, to lower ranking officials and terrorists. Their stories are explored in depth as the book examines their behaviour and motivation. Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities thus provides a comprehensive understanding of the causes of extreme mass violence. Such knowledge not only can help the international criminal justice system to be able to attribute blame in a fairer way but can also assist in preventing such atrocities being committed on the current scale. Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities is essential reading for all those interested in war crimes, genocide, terrorism and mass violence.