E190 - 20th Century Iraq, Ep. 1 w/ Brandon Wolf-Hunnicutt
Dec 24, 2024
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Brandon Wolf-Hunnicutt, an associate professor of history and author, delves into the complex history of 20th century Iraq and its relationship with Western powers. He explores the Hashemite monarchy and the rise of anti-colonial sentiments. The discussion highlights the origins of Iraq's communist movement and the 1920 uprising against British rule, while also examining how oil politics shaped national identity. Wolf-Hunnicutt underscores the diverse roles of ethno-sectarian communities and critiques misconceptions about U.S. interventions in Iraq.
The podcast challenges the perception of the US as a stabilizing force in Iraq, revealing that Western interventions often exacerbate sectarian violence.
It discusses the historical context of the Hashemite monarchy's legitimacy issues, highlighting the struggle for Iraqi sovereignty against colonial imposition and political movements.
Deep dives
Misunderstandings in US-Iraq Relations
The podcast highlights the common misconceptions surrounding the United States' relationship with Iraq, particularly in the context of the Iraq War. The speaker emphasizes that many people attribute the sectarian violence in Iraq to historical and cultural reasons, overlooking the significant role of Western interventions, especially those by the US and the UK. It is argued that American interventions often exacerbate the very issues they aim to resolve, thereby contributing to the instability and sectarian strife in the region. This perspective challenges the narrative that portrays the US as a stabilizing force, suggesting instead that its actions have historically created the conditions for conflict.
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy
The term 'Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy' is discussed regarding its implications for US foreign relations, referencing Richard Hofstadter's work. The concept is framed as an exaggeration of perceived threats, particularly from communism, and describes a performative aspect in US politics where fear is weaponized to justify foreign interventions. Notably, James Forrestal is used as an example of someone consumed by paranoia, showcasing how belief in these exaggerated dangers can lead to irrational policy decisions. This 'paranoid style' is illustrated as a foundational element in American foreign policy, influencing attitudes toward resource-rich regions like the Middle East.
The Role of the Hashemite Monarchy
The podcast delves into the historical context of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq, beginning with their support from the British during World War I. The Hashemites, having originally led revolts against the Ottomans, found themselves in power through British imposition, which ultimately undermined their legitimacy in the eyes of the Iraqi populace. The transition from a monarchy appointed by colonial forces to independent national leadership has led to tensions between the Hashemite rulers and the Iraqi people, as they grappled with the demands for sovereignty and national identity. This complex history serves as a backdrop for understanding the ensuing anti-colonial movements and the drive for revolutionary change in Iraq.
Nationalism and the Oiling of Politics
Emerging Iraqi nationalism is discussed in relation to the oil industry and the socio-political landscape of the region. The podcast highlights the interplay between anti-British sentiment and the aspirations for national sovereignty during the 20th century, particularly under the leadership of figures like Rashid Ali. This nationalism is further complicated by the emergence of various political movements, including communism and Arab nationalism, all vying for influence in Iraq's governance. The consequences of suppressed dissent and external pressures manifested in violent uprisings against colonial rule, with the oil industry acting both as a catalyst for conflict and a source of national pride.
Danny and Derek speak with Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt, associate professor of history at California State University, Stanislaus, for the first episode in our series on his book The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. In this episode, they lay the groundwork of 20th century Iraq, covering the Hashemite monarchy, sectarianism and the country and the role of Western actors, the Iraqi Petroleum Company, the origins of the communist movement in Iraq, Rashid Ali and anti-British movements, and more until World War II.