Psychologists Rebecca Tukachinsky Forster and Karen Dill-Shackleford discuss the benefits of parasocial relationships, how they differ from fandom, and what happens when a parasocial relationship goes sour. They also explore the impact of AI and robots on human relationships, teenage celebrity crushes, the prevalence of celebrity obsession, and how the portrayal of characters by actors can impact perception.
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Quick takeaways
Parasocial relationships with media figures can provide a sense of connection, expand worldviews, and have positive effects on mental health and well-being.
Parasocial relationships can empower and positively impact members of underrepresented or stigmatized groups, acting as role models and sources of self-identification.
Deep dives
Parasocial relationships and their significance
Parasocial relationships are one-sided emotional attachments that individuals develop with media figures, such as actors, celebrities, or television characters. These relationships are not limited to just being a fan, as they involve a sense of intimacy and connection with the media personality, even though it is imaginary and one-sided. Parasocial relationships exist on a continuum of audience involvement, ranging from identification with the characters to admiration and even feelings of love. These relationships are not solely limited to adolescence, as they can also be present in adulthood, particularly during transitional periods in life. Parasocial relationships can provide individuals with a sense of connection, expand their worldview, and have positive effects on mental health and well-being.
The impact of parasocial relationships on underrepresented groups
Parasocial relationships can play a significant role in empowering and positively impacting members of underrepresented or stigmatized groups. Media figures and characters who represent these groups can serve as role models, inspiration, and sources of self-identification. For example, representation of diverse characters in movies like Black Panther can increase self-efficacy and pride among people of color. Similarly, portrayal of strong and capable women in STEM fields in media can encourage young girls and women to pursue non-traditional careers. Parasocial relationships with media figures can provide a window into different cultures, reduce intergroup bias, and promote positive intergroup interactions.
The relationship between parasocial relationships and loneliness
Parasocial relationships can serve as a source of social connection and a means to alleviate loneliness, particularly during periods of social isolation or when real-life friendships are lacking. Research has shown that parasocial relationships can provide individuals with a feeling of social presence and effervescence, akin to being in a social setting with other people. However, it is important to note that the presence of parasocial relationships does not necessarily correlate with higher levels of loneliness. In fact, individuals who have a secure attachment style and are more prone to forming real-life friendships are also more likely to engage in parasocial relationships.
Potential risks and challenging aspects of parasocial relationships
While parasocial relationships can have positive effects, there are also potential risks and challenges associated with them. When a parasocial relationship becomes overly intense, individuals may experience difficulties disengaging or terminating the relationship with the media figure. The disappointment or betrayal by a favorite media personality can be heartbreaking, and in some cases, individuals may engage in cancel culture or develop negative emotions towards the media figure. Additionally, negative parasocial relationships, including jealousy or fixation on a media personality, are understudied areas that warrant further exploration.
Parasocial relationships -- the relationships that people have with media figures such as actors, celebrity influencers, or even television characters -- sometimes get a bad rap. But psychologists who study parasocial relationships say that they can be good for us: They can help us expand our world view and can have positive effects on our mental health and well-being. Researchers Rebecca Tukachinsky Forster, PhD, and Karen Dill-Shackleford, PhD, talk about how a parasocial relationship is different from fandom, whether these relationships give us any of the benefits of real-life friendship, and what happens when a parasocial relationship goes sour -- when your favorite character or your celebrity crush disappoints you?