From viral variants to devastating storms, how names shape the public's reaction to science
Feb 7, 2025
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Naomi Oreskes, a Harvard professor and climate communication expert, discusses the powerful role of naming in science. She explores how well-chosen names can clarify messages during public crises, such as hurricanes and COVID-19, while poor naming can create stigma and confusion. Oreskes highlights the evolution of climate terminology, noting how language shapes public perception and political action. She emphasizes the need for scientists to bridge the gap between their work and public understanding, particularly in conveying the urgency of climate change.
Well-chosen names in science, like those for hurricanes, enhance public understanding and improve communication during critical situations.
The evolution of language surrounding climate change demonstrates how terminology can significantly influence public perception and motivate action.
Deep dives
The Significance of Naming in Science
Names play a critical role in the field of science, influencing public understanding and engagement with complex concepts. A well-chosen name can clarify meanings and facilitate better communication, especially in areas like public health or disaster preparedness. When naming hurricanes, for instance, specialists ensure the selected names help distinguish between storms to effectively convey warnings to the public. Conversely, poorly chosen names can lead to confusion, misunderstandings, and even stigmatization, as seen with previous naming controversies in disease contexts.
Hurricane Naming and Life-Saving Communication
Naming hurricanes serves a practical purpose by allowing scientists to communicate vital information about storm paths and threats efficiently. For example, specialists like John Kangialosi emphasize that naming storms such as Hurricane Ian aids in providing timely warnings to communities at risk, potentially saving lives. The systematic approach to naming, agreed by the World Meteorological Organization, is designed to enhance public understanding and prompt necessary safety measures during hurricane events. Through these established names, these professionals can maintain focused communication even when multiple storms are active simultaneously.
The Evolving Language of COVID-19 Variants
The naming of COVID-19 variants showcases the challenge in balancing scientific precision with public comprehensibility. Initially, variants were labeled with letter-number combinations, which proved confusing for the general public, leading to significant miscommunication. In response, the World Health Organization adopted the Greek alphabet to simplify variant identification, resulting in names like Alpha and Delta that resonated better with the public. This shift illustrates how language can significantly affect public perception and engagement during a health crisis.
Influence of Political Language on Climate Perception
The terminology used to discuss climate issues has substantial effects on public perception and action. Political strategies have historically manipulated language—shifting from 'global warming' to 'climate change' to downplay the urgency of the environmental crisis. Recently, the emergence of phrases like 'climate emergency' and 'climate crisis' signals a growing recognition of the severity of climate-related threats. This evolution in language underscores the importance of word choice in motivating public discourse and encouraging decisive action against climate change.
In episode 2 of 'What's in a name' we look how choosing names can help, or hinder, attempts to communicate important messages.
Categorizing things is central to science. And there are dozens of systems scientists have created to name everything from the trenches on the sea bed to the stars in the sky.
But names have consequences. In our series What’s in a name we explore naming in science and how names impact the world — whether the system of naming species remains in step with society, how the names of diseases can create stigma, or even how the names of scientific concepts can drive the direction of research itself.
In episode two, we're looking at how the names chosen by scientists help, or hinder, communication with the public.
Well chosen names can quickly convey scientific concepts or health messages — in emergency situations they can even save lives. We'll hear how the systems of naming tropical storms and Covid-19 variants came to be, and how they took different approaches to achieve the same outcome.
We'll also consider the language used to talk about climate change, and how the ways of describing it have been used to deliberately introduce uncertainty and confusion.
Listen to the first episode Should offensive species names be changed? The organisms that honour dictators, racists and criminals