Don J. Wyatt, "Slavery in East Asia" (Cambridge UP, 2022)
Aug 17, 2023
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Don J. Wyatt, author of 'Slavery in East Asia', discusses the ubiquity and distinctive traits of slavery in medieval East Asia. Topics include the common assumption of enslavement, the parallels to Western slavery, the intersections between identity and violence, and the challenges of handling historical records in classical Chinese.
Slavery in East Asia was not strictly racially based, making it less easily discernible than in the West.
Chinese historiography on slavery has been influenced by Marxist perspectives, while Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese historiographies focus more on slavery as a native phenomenon.
Deep dives
The Durability and Universality of Slavery
The practice of slavery in East Asia, particularly in China, persisted primarily due to the impact of war. This practice remained prevalent throughout the pre-modern and medieval period, encompassing the 6th to 16th century CE. Unlike the West, slavery in East Asia was not strictly racially based, leading to its invisibility and making it less easily discernible. Additionally, changes in the law, specifically the Tang Code, resulted in the decline of enslavement of free Chinese commoners but led to an expansion of the market for exogenous slaves, such as Africans and native Southeast Asians.
The Influence of Marxism on Chinese Historiography
Chinese historiography on slavery has been largely influenced by Marxist perspectives, in terms of internal or external slavery. Marxist theories advanced the concept of a slave society, impacting the understanding of slavery in China. On the other hand, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese historiographies have predominantly focused on slavery as a native phenomenon, with limited examination of racism.
Prejudice and Afro-Asian Solidarity
Prejudice against blacks in East Asia has deep historical roots, stemming from age-old tensions between various Asian groups and contemporary triggers. Rise of authoritarianism, both in Western and Asian nations, has contributed to the marginalization and victimization of minorities. However, there are promising movements, such as Afro-Asian solidarity, that aim to combat prejudice and inequality through education and fostering alliances.
Today I talked to Don J. Wyatt about his book Slavery in East Asia (Cambridge UP, 2022).
In premodern China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, just as in the far less culturally cohesive countries composing the West of the Middle Ages, enslavement was an assumed condition of servitude warranting little examination, as the power and profits it afforded to the slaver made it a convention pursued unreflectively. Slavery in medieval East Asia shared with the West the commonplace assumption that nearly all humans were potential chattel, that once they had become owned beings, they could then be either sold or inherited. Yet, despite being representative of perhaps the most universalizable human practice of that age, slavery in medieval East Asia was also endowed with its own distinctive traits and traditions. Our awareness of these features of distinction contributes immeasurably to a more nuanced understanding of slavery as the ubiquitous and openly practiced institution that it once was and the now illicit and surreptitious one that it intractably remains.
Don J. Wyatt (Ph.D. Harvard University) is the John M. McCardell, Jr. Distinguished Professor at Middlebury College, in Middlebury, Vermont, USA, where he has taught history and philosophy since 1986. He specializes in the intellectual history of China, with research interests most currently focused on the intersections between identity and violence and the nexuses between ethnicity and slavery.
Dong Wang is collection editor of Asian Studies books at Lived Places Publishing (New York & the UK), H-Diplo review editor, incoming visiting fellow at Freie Universität Berlin, research associate at Harvard Fairbank Center (since 2002), a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, director of the Wellington Koo Institute for Modern China in World History (Germany & USA), and an elected Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.