Samuel Hodgkin, "Persianate Verse and the Poetics of Eastern Internationalism" (Cambridge UP, 2023)
Dec 12, 2024
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In this discussion, Samuel Hodgkin, Assistant Professor at Yale, shares insights on the impact of Persianate poetry in shaping Eastern internationalism during the 20th century. He highlights how writers across Turkey, Iran, and beyond found common ground in the works of Hafiz and Khayyam. The conversation delves into the role of poetry in uniting revolutionary movements and its political implications amidst the rise of literary modernity. Hodgkin also explores the intricate relationship between Persian literature and the Soviet Union, emphasizing cultural decolonization through shared literary heritage.
Persianate poetry served as a cultural commons that strengthened ties among leftist internationalists across Eastern countries during the 20th century.
Literature became a crucial tool for political movements in Eastern nations, blending traditional forms with revolutionary ideas for nation-building.
Deep dives
Understanding Persianate Culture
Persianate culture refers to the influence of Persian literary and cultural practices that shaped various regions within the Islamic world after the 8th century. This cultural phenomenon emerged as societies that adopted Islam also integrated Persian literary forms, making them central in diverse languages like Ottoman Turkish and Urdu. The podcast discusses how poets and literary genres, such as ghazals and masnavis, became crucial in both elite and popular contexts, including craft guilds and religious practices. The notion of Persianate helps delineate the shared literary heritage across the East, influencing artistic expression and cultural identity among different nationalities.
The Role of Literature in Political Movements
Literature played a pivotal role in the emergence of political movements in Eastern countries, particularly during revolutionary waves in the early 20th century. Key revolutions in Russia, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire created a space for poets and writers to cross borders, sharing and adapting ideas through newspaper poetry and other formats. This period saw the mobilization of literary forms to not only express revolutionary ideas but also to serve as vehicles of protest against the status quo, melding traditional poetry with modern political discourse. The interconnection of these revolutionary literary voices set the stage for future collaborative efforts in building a shared political identity among Eastern countries.
Eastern Internationalism and Literary Solidarity
The concept of Eastern Internationalism illustrates how Persian literature fostered solidarity among revolutionary Eastern nations in the 20th century. Organizations like the Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization emerged to unite writers from Asia and Africa, creating spaces for cultural exchange and collaboration. Through congresses and literary events, poets such as Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Mirza Tursunzada contributed to the establishment of a global literary framework that transcended national boundaries, focusing on mutual recognition of shared cultural heritage. This literary internationalism highlighted the essential role of figures from the Persianate worldview, who often served as intermediaries in articulating a collective cultural identity.
Literature as a Tool for Nation-Building
The transition of literature into a means of nation-building during the Soviet era exemplifies how cultural and literary production intertwined with political aspirations. In the aftermath of World War I, literary figures and institutions began shaping national narratives in countries like Tajikistan and Azerbaijan, often borrowing from Persian literary traditions. Writers and bureaucrats similarly collaborated to create national canons while celebrating shared heritage with overlapping histories. The resulting literary landscape exemplified both competition and cooperation, showing the complexities involved in national identity formation through literature in a rapidly changing geopolitical context.
At the height of literary nationalisms in the twentieth century, leftist internationalists from Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, and the Soviet East bonded over their shared love of the classical Persian verses of Hafiz and Khayyam. At writers' congresses and in communist literary journals, they affirmed their friendship and solidarity with lyric ghazals and ruba'iyat. Persianate poetry became the cultural commons for a distinctively Eastern internationalism, shaping national literatures in the Soviet Union, the Middle East, and South Asia. By the early Cold War, the literary entanglement between Persianate culture and communism had established models for cultural decolonization that would ultimately outlast the Soviet imperial project. In the archive of literature produced under communism in Persian, Tajik, Dari, Turkish, Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Armenian, and Russian, this book finds a vital alternative to Western globalized world literature.
Samuel Hodgkin is Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature at Yale University. His articles have appeared in Comparative Literature Studies, Iranian Studies, Philological Encounters, Cahiers de Studia Iranica, and Cahiers d'Asie centrale.
Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter.