Definition and Pathophysiology of HEF-PEF

HEF-PEF (Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms of heart failure with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 50% or greater. The pathophysiology involves complex mechanisms, including inflammation, myocardial ischemia, abnormal cell signaling, tissue fibrosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. These abnormalities result in abnormal pressure-volume relationships, impaired diastolic filling, and abnormalities in systolic function. Non-cardiac mechanisms, such as pulmonary conditions, renal abnormalities, and aberrant ventricular vascular function, also contribute to the syndrome.