The first global case of coral bleaching

Feb 6, 2025

Clive Wilkinson, a marine ecologist and co-ordinator for the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, shares insights into the first global coral bleaching event in 1998. He discusses the shockwaves this unprecedented phenomenon sent through the scientific community as rising ocean temperatures led to widespread coral death. The intricate relationship between coral and the algae they depend on is explained, highlighting the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and coastal livelihoods. Despite dire prospects, Clive offers a glimpse of hope for coral recovery.

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INSIGHT

Coral Basics

Corals are simple animals that have existed for millions of years, forming colonies and reefs.
Their colors come from symbiotic algae living within their tissues, not from the coral itself.

INSIGHT

Importance of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are vital ecosystems supporting livelihoods, fisheries, and coastal protection in many countries.
They are crucial for the economies and survival of these communities.

INSIGHT

Coral-Algae Symbiosis

Coral and algae have a symbiotic, yet somewhat parasitic relationship where coral controls the algae's food intake.
When stressed by high temperatures, coral expels the algae, causing bleaching.

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In 1998, a mysterious phenomenon turned many of the world’s most colourful coral reefs deathly white.

It was the first recorded global coral bleaching event in history, and ecologists blamed it on rising ocean temperatures caused by climate change.

Studies showed that when the oceans get warmer, it stresses the corals, causing them to expel the algae that give them their colour, and so turn white.

Since then there have been four global bleaching events, which have destroyed up to 20% of the world’s reefs, and threatened the economy, tourism and livelihoods of more than 30 countries.

Marine ecologist Clive Wilkinson worked as co-ordinator for the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, based in Queensland, Australia. He tells Jane Wilkinson how the first reports of the phenomenon caused shockwaves in 1998.

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(Photo: Reef in Trat, Thailand, damaged by coral bleaching. Credit: Sirachai Arunrugstichai/Getty Images)