The debate between presentism and eternalism in relation to the nature of time and the existence of past, present, and future.
The rejection of teleological explanations in scientific disciplines and the question of whether possibility is an illusion.
Deep dives
The Direction of Time and the Block Universe
The podcast discussion explores the nature of time, specifically the debate between presentism and eternalism. Presentism suggests that the past no longer exists, while eternalism argues that past, present, and future are all equally real. The idea of a block universe, which spatializes time and removes a preferential direction, is also mentioned. The guest, Tim Maudlin, explains that he rejects the notion of time lacking direction and highlights that time has always been treated as having a direction in physics. While some physicists may hold different views, Maudlin emphasizes that there is no reason to believe time lacks direction.
Causation and Teleology
The discussion also touches on causation and teleology. Maudlin asserts that causation usually involves a time order, with the cause preceding the effect, and rejects the idea of future events pulling the present toward them. He argues that teleology has been largely eliminated from scientific explanations, such as in evolutionary theory, and contends that putting an emphasis on teleological explanations goes against physics, biology, and other scientific disciplines.
The Nature of Possibility
The concept of possibility is examined in relation to physics and metaphysics. The guest and host discuss the distinction between the actual and the possible. While the notion of possibility seems to imply the existence of things that don't exist, Maudlin suggests that possibility might be just an illusion. He raises the question of whether the actual and the possible are in fact identical, and whether anything that is possible is ultimately actual, with the idea of other possibilities simply being products of cognitive thinking.
Different Philosophical Perspectives
The podcast highlights the diversity in philosophical perspectives when it comes to topics like the direction of time, causation, and possibility. Sam Harris and Tim Maudlin acknowledge that different people may have different philosophical consciences, whereby some ideas are accepted without further explanation, while others require more understanding or explanation. The conversation ultimately encourages open-mindedness and critical thinking when approaching these philosophical questions.
Sam Harris speaks with Tim Maudlin about the foundations of physics and metaphysics. They talk about the nature of scientific reductionism, emergence, functionalism, the nature of time, presentism vs eternalism, causation, the nature of possibility, the laws of nature, David Lewis’s possible worlds, rival interpretations of quantum mechanics, free will, and other topics.
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