Social infertility: What's behind falling birth rates?
Nov 11, 2024
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Guest Stephanie Hegarty, BBC's population correspondent, dives into the growing trend of social infertility and the factors influencing declining birth rates worldwide. She highlights economic concerns as a crucial barrier to parenthood and discusses how evolving societal attitudes affect fertility decisions. The conversation also sheds light on 'male malaise' and its impact on reproductive choices. Hegarty emphasizes the urgency of addressing these demographic shifts and critiques existing government policies on fertility.
Economic concerns, particularly rising living costs and financial insecurity, significantly affect young people's decisions about parenthood today.
Changing societal norms and evolving gender roles are reshaping perceptions of childbearing as a 'capstone' achievement rather than a foundational life step.
Deep dives
Global Population Trends and Declining Fertility Rates
The global population continues to grow, yet fertility rates are decreasing, leading to a complex demographic landscape. While regions such as Africa and parts of Asia maintain higher fertility rates, many countries are experiencing substantial declines. For instance, Nigeria's fertility rate, while still above replacement level, has dropped significantly from six children per woman in the 1950s to around five today. By 2050, it's predicted that three-quarters of the world's countries will have a declining population, indicating a shift toward sustainability challenges for future generations.
The rising cost of living significantly influences young people's decisions about parenthood, with financial insecurity emerging as a major barrier. In the UK, raising a child is estimated to cost around £200,000, prompting many to defer or abandon their plans to have children. Research shows that almost half of individuals without children express no intentions of becoming parents, often linking this to economic stress, such as the rising age of first-time home-buyers and the affordability of childcare. These financial dilemmas contribute to a generational shift, reflecting concerns about future stability and quality of life.
Cultural Shifts in Family Planning and Gender Roles
Modern societal norms are transforming how individuals view parenting, with many now perceiving childbearing as a 'capstone' rather than a 'cornerstone' of adulthood. This change partly stems from evolving gender roles, where women increasingly participate in the workforce, yet maintain the majority of domestic responsibilities. Research indicates that men’s reluctance to engage in household duties discourages many women from having children, as they fear the imbalance of labor. Additionally, the educational and socioeconomic landscape has contributed to a 'mating gap,' with lower-income men facing challenges in seeking partners, ultimately resulting in increasing childlessness among them.
The proportion of people without children is growing around the world. For some, this new reality reflects changing social attitudes and a desire not to have children, but for others, the decision has been taken out of their hands by a range of factors. The latest statistics available reflect the extent to which this has become a global phenomenon: while the US birth rate is at a record low, China reported its first population decline in six decades in 2022.
The BBC’s population correspondent Stephanie Hegarty tells host Lucy Hockings that economic concerns are among the most important when it comes to individuals and couples deciding whether or not the time is right to have a baby, and discusses how the concept of “male malaise” is impacting fertility rates.
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Producers: Tom Kavanagh, Laurie Kalus and Mariana Hernández Carrillo
Sound engineer: Phil Bull
Assistant editor: Sergi Forcada Freixas
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