Pradip Kamat, expert in natural airway sedation, discusses the importance of procedural sedation for pediatric intensivists, drug selection, safety considerations, and patient selection. The podcast also covers factors to consider in pediatric procedural sedation, anesthesia referral, sedating children in an outpatient setting, and distraction techniques for pediatric procedures.
Different procedures require different drugs for sedation, such as propofol or dexmedetomidine for non-invasive procedures and fentanyl or chusachenyl caramine for painful procedures.
Patient selection for outpatient sedation should consider factors like previous sedation experiences, invasiveness of the procedure, and specific health conditions, collaborating with anesthesiologists when necessary.
Deep dives
Choosing the Appropriate Drug for Procedural Sedation
When considering the appropriate drug for procedural sedation, it's important to assess whether the procedure is non-invasive and painless, or invasive and painful. For non-invasive procedures requiring only immobility, drugs like propofol or dexmeditatomine may be used. Painful procedures may require analgesic agents like fentanyl or chusachenyl caramine. Additionally, there are distressing procedures that require anxiolysis, such as placement of a urinary catheter or an IV, for which medications like midazolam or nitrous oxide can be used.
Considerations in Choosing Sedation Medications
There is no ideal sedative that meets all requirements, but propofol is often chosen due to its fast action and predictability. It is primarily used for non-invasive procedures. Fentanyl is favored for painful procedures, and a combination of fentanyl and propofol may be used for procedures requiring sedation, analgesia, and immobility. Dexmeditatomine is useful for short imaging procedures, especially if a peripheral IV stick is to be avoided. It is crucial to recognize that sedation levels are a continuum, and the notion of specific sedation levels caused by particular drugs should be avoided.
Choosing the Appropriate Patients for Outpatient Sedation
Selecting the right patients for outpatient sedation requires a thorough pre-screening process. The decision is based on factors such as the patient's previous sedation or anesthesia encounters, whether the procedure is invasive or non-invasive, and the presence of specific conditions or syndromes. Patients with genetic diseases, congenital heart disease, or mediastinal masses, among others, may not be suitable for outpatient sedation and may require anesthesia. It is essential to seek assistance and collaborate with anesthesiologists when necessary, ensuring the best care for the patients.
Dr. Pradip Kamat is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Emory School of Medicine and practicing pediatric intensivist at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. His clinical and research interests are in procedural sedation and education. We are very excited to have him on our podcast.
Dr. Kamat is also active in PICU open access education. Please check out the PICU Doc On Call podcast co-hosted by Rahul Damania and him at https://picudoconcall.org
During our conversation we discuss: 1. Why this topic is so important for PICU physicians 2. Procedural sedation vs. general anesthesia 3. Conscious sedation??? 4. Safety considerations, risk factors and adverse events 5. Patient selection 6. Drug selection 7. Appropriate monitoring 8. Rescue medications.
References and further reading:
Coté CJ, Wilson S; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: Update 2016. Pediatrics. 2016 Jul;138(1):e20161212. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1212. PMID: 27354454.
Emrath ET, Stockwell JA, McCracken CE, Simon HK, Kamat PP. Provision of deep procedural sedation by a pediatric sedation team at a freestanding imaging center. Pediatr Radiol. 2014 Aug;44(8):1020-5. doi: 10.1007/s00247-014-2942-z. Epub 2014 May 24. PMID: 24859263.
Grunwell JR, McCracken C, Fortenberry J, Stockwell J, Kamat P. Risk factors leading to failed procedural sedation in children outside the operating room. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014 Jun;30(6):381-7. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000143. PMID: 24849275.
Hooper MC, Kamat PP, Couloures KG. Evaluating the Need for Pediatric Procedural Sedation Training in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Mar;20(3):259-261. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001809. PMID: 30431555.
Kamat PP, McCracken CE, Simon HK, Stormorken A, Mallory M, Chumpitazi CE, Cravero JP. Trends in Outpatient Procedural Sedation: 2007-2018. Pediatrics. 2020 May;145(5):e20193559. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3559. PMID: 32332053.
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Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit. Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at pedscritpodcast@gmail.com. Check out http://www.pedscrit.comfor detailed show notes. And visit @critpeds on twitter and @pedscrit on instagram for real time show updates.
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