One of the challenges that many investors face is deciding what to invest in, how much and when. There are three methodologies that you can employ to help make this decision, but only two are supported by evidence.

What is mean reversion?

Mean reversion is a financial theory that suggests a period of above average returns is often followed by a period of below average returns, such that the average return over both periods is close to an asset class’ long term mean (or average) return.

Many academics have studied mean reversion and concluded it is an observable and repeatable trend in financial markets.

Mean reversion makes sense. It is unlikely that an asset class can generated above average returns for an unlimited period of time. For example, the S&P500 index (US market) has returned over 15% p.a. over the past 12 years. Its long term mean return is close to 10% p.a. Therefore, the probability of it delivering that return again over the next 10 years (thereby generating a return over 15% p.a. over a 20-year period) is very low. In fact, modelling suggests the probability of that occurring is less than 1%.

Examples of how perspective & mean reversion helps with investment decisions

I recall that towards the end of 2011, the AUD/USD exchange rate was close to parity (i.e. $AUD1 = $USD1). This meant that it was a good time to invest in the US market (because Australian dollars was more valuable). However, in the 10 years ended December 2011, the S&P500 index had delivered a return of close to zero. As such, an investor would have been excused for discounting such an investment opportunity, because why would you invest in a market that had delivered a zero return over the past 10 years!? Sure, the exchange rate was favourable, but that alone doesn’t validate the investment.

Since the end of 2011, the index has delivered a return over circa 14% p.a. and the Australian currency has fallen 30% (relative to the US), resulting in a total return of circa 18% p.a. Mean reversion together with a low-cost index fund have done most of the heavy lifting.

Perhaps the most obvious market at the moment that is likely to benefit from mean reversion is the investment-grade apartment market. As I wro

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