Psychologist and researcher Viorica Marian discusses the cognitive benefits of being bilingual, including improved executive function, delayed onset of Alzheimer's, and altered perception. They challenge the notion of languages being switched off and on in the brain, explore the definition and power of language, debunk the myth of a critical age for language learning, and discuss the impact of AI on language diversity.
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Quick takeaways
Being bilingual or multilingual has cognitive benefits, improving executive function abilities and delaying the onset of age-related dementia.
Language plays a powerful role in influencing perception, thought, and identity, shaping our interactions with the world and with others.
Deep dives
The Benefits of Bilingualism and Multilingualism
The podcast explores the benefits of being bilingual or multilingual. Speaking multiple languages has cognitive benefits, such as improving executive function abilities and delaying the onset of age-related dementia. Researchers have also found that the bilingual brain processes language differently and that the languages we speak shape the way we think and perceive the world. Bilingualism can have a positive impact on decision-making and memory, with bilinguals showing different moral decisions and accessing different memories depending on the language they are speaking. Additionally, being bilingual has been linked to a delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Overall, learning and using multiple languages can have positive effects on cognitive health and enrich our understanding of language and thought.
Defining Bilingualism and Multilingualism
The podcast discusses the definition of bilingualism and multilingualism. It explains that being bilingual or multilingual does not necessarily require growing up speaking multiple languages, as individuals can learn languages at any age and become fluent. The definition of bilingualism is broad, encompassing the ability to use two languages, while multilingualism refers to knowing and using more than two languages. The podcast emphasizes that being bilingual or multilingual provides individuals with the ability to encode and transmit thoughts, ideas, and concepts in multiple symbolic systems. It highlights that individuals who understand a second language, even if they struggle to speak it fluently, can still experience some of the cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism.
Impacts on Memory, Emotion, and Decision-Making
The podcast explores the impact of language on memory, emotion, and decision-making. Bilingual individuals have been found to remember different details depending on the language they speak. Their choice of language can also influence their moral decisions, with different languages leading to different reasoning patterns. Furthermore, the native language of an individual tends to be more emotionally connected, whereas the second language may facilitate more logical and utilitarian decision-making. The podcast highlights that language plays a powerful role in influencing perception, thought, and identity, shaping our interactions with the world and with others. It suggests that language diversity enhances diversity of thought and culture, and highlights the potential threats to language diversity due to advances in artificial intelligence.
The Future of Language Diversity and Learning Languages
The podcast discusses the potential impact of artificial intelligence on language diversity. While large language models have the potential to assist with translation and language preservation, they may eventually lead to a decrease in the diversity of natural languages. The digital presence of certain languages gives them an advantage in developing strong language models, which could lead to smaller languages being overshadowed. This could result in both a decrease in the diversity of thought and an increase in artificial language dominance. The podcast also encourages language learning at any age, highlighting the benefits and enjoyment it can bring to individuals' lives. It suggests that language learning not only enhances cognitive health but also improves the quality of life by enriching one's experiences and interactions.
More than half the world’s population speaks more than one language. Viorica Marian, PhD, of Northwestern University, talks about why speaking multiple languages may have far-reaching cognitive benefits, how the bilingual brain processes language and how the languages we speak shape the way we think and perceive the world. For transcripts, links and more information, please visit the Speaking of Psychology Homepage.