Jennifer Greenburg, "At War with Women: Military Humanitarianism and Imperial Feminism in an Era of Permanent War" (Cornell UP, 2023)
Jan 11, 2025
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Dr. Jennifer Greenburg, a political geographer and lecturer at the University of Sheffield, dives into her book on how U.S. military strategies post-9/11 interweave gender politics with humanitarian efforts. She examines the paradox of all-female teams used in military operations, revealing how they navigate a space of empowerment and combat. Greenburg critiques liberal feminist narratives that celebrate these roles while unpacking how these dynamics reinforce gender stereotypes. Her insights highlight the complex relationship between feminism, militarism, and imperialism.
Post-9/11 military strategies integrated humanitarian efforts to reshape international development as a tool for anti-terrorism and counterinsurgency.
The evolving roles of women in the military blur traditional combat boundaries, complicating gender dynamics and power structures in warfare.
Deep dives
The Impact of Post-9/11 Wars on Development
The post-9/11 wars significantly reshaped the field of international development, reframing it as a tool for anti-terrorism. This transformation led to the emergence of new governmental offices that sought to integrate military actions with humanitarian efforts. For instance, development experts were brought onto military bases to train personnel on how to approach counterinsurgency tactics through development practices. This linkage between development and military strategy highlighted a historical precedent, illustrating how colonial histories were repurposed to justify contemporary military actions.
Shifts in Military Strategy and Gender Roles
By 2006, the U.S. military acknowledged shortcomings in its strategies in Iraq and Afghanistan, leading to the release of a counterinsurgency field manual. This new approach recognized that non-governmental organizations could act as force multipliers, enhancing military effectiveness through development initiatives. The concept of stabilization became prominent, emphasizing the need for development to combat insurgency. The evolving roles of women in the military were also notable, as many were assigned to roles that blurred traditional boundaries of duty, significantly changing the perception of women's involvement in combat.
The Role of Gender in Counterinsurgency Training
Counterinsurgency training revealed deep contradictions regarding masculinity and military identity, with soldiers often resisting new roles as they shifted towards development-oriented duties. These trainings not only required soldiers to adapt to a counterinsurgency framework but also challenged their traditional notions of combat masculinity. Simultaneously, female soldiers were positioned as emotional experts, tasked with managing relationships in communities while navigating their identities amid strict gender expectations. The implications of these dual identities contributed to reinforced structures within the military, complicating the understanding of gender and power in warfare.
Continuance of Gendered Warfare Post-Withdrawal
Even with the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq and Afghanistan, gendered concepts of warfare continue to evolve, particularly as counterterrorism operations expand globally. The training of foreign militaries remains a prominent aspect of U.S. military strategy, suggesting that the institutionalization of female engagement teams persists in a modified form. Concurrently, incidents of sexual violence within the military illustrate the ongoing challenges related to gender dynamics, revealing substantial gaps in the treatment and recognition of female service members. The future will likely witness continued struggles surrounding gender, power, and military policies, particularly in light of shifting political landscapes.
At War with Women: Military Humanitarianism and Imperial Feminism in an Era of Permanent War (Cornell University Press, 2023) by Jennifer Greenburg reveals how post-9/11 politics of gender and development have transformed US military power. In the mid-2000s, the US military used development as a weapon as it revived counterinsurgency in Iraq and Afghanistan. The military assembled all-female teams to reach households and wage war through development projects in the battle for "hearts and minds." Despite women technically being banned from ground combat units, the all-female teams were drawn into combat nonetheless. Based on ethnographic fieldwork observing military trainings, this book challenges liberal feminist narratives that justified the Afghanistan War in the name of women's rights and celebrated women's integration into combat as a victory for gender equality.
Dr. Jennifer Greenburg critically interrogates a new imperial feminism and its central role in securing US hegemony. Women's incorporation into combat through emotional labor has reinforced gender stereotypes, with counterinsurgency framing female soldiers as global ambassadors for women's rights. This book provides an analysis of US imperialism that keeps the present in tension with the past, clarifying where colonial ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality have resurfaced and how they are changing today.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.