Intelligence Squared Is Liberalism Obsolete? With Francis Fukuyama and John Gray
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Apr 8, 2022 
Francis Fukuyama, the American political scientist famous for his 'end of history' thesis, debates with British philosopher John Gray, who challenges the notion of universal liberal progress. They discuss how liberalism faces significant threats from both political extremes and explore Russia's difficulties in becoming a democracy after the Cold War. The conversation dives into the implications of the Ukraine crisis, the risks of concentrated power in governance, and evolving challenges like nationalism and identity politics.
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Gray's Critique of Universal Liberalism
- Gray views liberalism as a historical way of life originating from European wars of religion, not a universal philosophy.
- He believes that liberalism's claim to universality was seemingly validated by the end of the Cold War but is ultimately a mirage.
Mill's Joke
- Gray recounts a joke from John Stuart Mill's autobiography about his father's unenthusiastic view of a potentially worthwhile life.
- James Mill believed that human life might become worth living if improbable reforms were implemented.
The Hollow Feeling of Liberalism
- Gray argues that liberalism's focus on peace and tolerance, while valuable, can feel hollow to some.
- He believes people shouldn't look to politics for salvation or meaning in life but for protection to pursue their values.
