Strategic Culture, Ideology, and Military Strategy with Jeremy Black
Dec 7, 2020
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In this engaging conversation, Jeremy Black, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Exeter and author of “Military Strategy: A Global History,” explores the intricate relationship between strategic culture and military strategy. He discusses how political factors shape military decision-making and critiques the Eurocentric bias in existing literature. Black emphasizes the need to recognize the historical evolution of military strategy and the disconnect between theorists and practitioners. He also highlights the significance of ideology in shaping national interests and military responses.
Strategic culture significantly influences military strategy, emphasizing localized norms over rigid theoretical frameworks in various geopolitical contexts.
Ideology shapes strategic decisions by defining success and failure in warfare, affecting casualty tolerance and military choices across different cultures.
Deep dives
The Role of Strategic Culture
Strategic culture is an essential concept in understanding military strategy as it emphasizes the implicit assumptions that strategic actors hold within their specific political and institutional contexts. These beliefs shape the nature of strategic thought and actions far more than the abstract theories proposed by established scholars. For example, Black argues that military leaders in different regions operate based on localized norms and experiences rather than rigid frameworks espoused by strategic theorists like Clausewitz. Thus, recognizing strategic culture is crucial to grasping how countries formulate their strategies in response to unique geopolitical situations.
Historical Context and Evolution of Strategy
The term 'strategy' emerged in Western languages during the late 18th century, coinciding with Enlightenment thinkers' interests in military practices from ancient civilizations. Black suggests that while the terminology became more formalized at this time, the core elements of strategy existed prior to this linguistic development. He highlights that individuals like Marshal de Saxe successfully executed military campaigns without the explicit use of the term 'strategy', underscoring that practical strategy is often a matter of necessity rather than theoretical understanding. This historical evolution challenges the idea that modern strategic discourse represents a significant improvement over earlier practices.
The Importance of Ideology in Strategy
Ideology plays a critical role in shaping strategic decisions, yet it is often overlooked in favor of economic factors or power dynamics. Black argues that each culture has distinct interpretations of success and failure in warfare, which can impact casualty tolerance and strategic military choices. For instance, leaders like William III viewed ideological warfare as essential for achieving broader goals, such as protecting Protestantism during the Glorious Revolution. This emphasis on ideology adds complexity to the understanding of strategies, which must accommodate both cultural contexts and specific political environments.
Challenges in Modern Strategic Thinking
Contemporary discussions around strategy often reflect a crisis of confidence within Western institutions, marked by failed interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Black notes that despite these setbacks, adversaries such as China and Russia demonstrate effective strategic thinking, highlighting a contrast in capability and ambition. This discrepancy raises questions about the West's ability to adapt its strategic frameworks in a multipolar world, especially given its historical reliance on a hyperpower model. The discussion emphasizes a need for a deeper understanding of strategy that moves beyond simple frameworks to incorporate diverse perspectives and the realities of current geopolitical complexities.
In this episode of the Strategy Bridge Podcast we talk about strategic culture, ideology, and military strategy with Jeremy Black. He is an emeritus Professor of History at the University of Exeter and the author of “Military Strategy: A Global History.”
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