The "Self" Is An Illusion | Thomas Metzinger | Escaped Sapiens #72
Aug 26, 2024
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In this conversation, Professor Thomas Metzinger, a pioneer in consciousness studies, challenges the notion of the 'self' as an illusion crafted by our brains for survival. He reveals how personal identity evolves, influenced by experience and culture, and questions the impact of technology on self-perception. Fascinatingly, he discusses the rubber hand experiment, illustrating how perception can be altered. Additionally, Metzinger delves into the ethical implications of consciousness, especially concerning AI and suffering, prompting listeners to reconsider what it means to truly 'be'.
Professor Thomas Metzinger argues that the self is a useful fiction created by the brain to aid in survival.
The structure of the self model comprises physical, emotional, and cognitive elements, shaping our complex human experiences.
Social interactions in early childhood are essential for developing a self-model, guiding our understanding of ourselves and others.
Deep dives
The Nature of Self as a Fiction
The concept of self is described as a useful fiction rather than a concrete existence. Professor Thomas Metzinger argues that our perception of self is analogous to the phenomenon of color, which, while not physically real, provides a functional advantage for survival. This notion implies that our consciousness has evolved to create representations that aid in navigating complex environments, rather than reflecting an objective reality. The brain's ability to color experiences helps in survival by offering important contrast, paralleling how the self model aids in emotional and social interactions.
Layers of the Self Model
Metzinger elaborates on the multi-layered structure of the self model, comprising physical, emotional, and cognitive elements. This structure serves to represent various facets of human experience, such as bodily sensations and emotional feelings, contributing to an overarching sense of self. The emotional self model encompasses feelings like sadness or joy, influencing behavior and decision-making. Additionally, cognitive elements, such as thoughts and intentions, provide a sense of agency and control in navigating one's environment.
Social Interaction and Self-Model Construction
The development of a sense of self is deeply intertwined with social interactions and relationships, particularly in early childhood. As infants engage with caregivers, they learn to recognize other individuals as goal-directed agents, which influences their understanding of their own self. This social context is crucial in forming a representational strategy that both interprets the behavior of others and informs one's own actions and motivations. Thus, navigating social worlds often necessitates a constructed self-model to engage with and interpret the intentions and desires of others.
Consciousness and Control
Metzinger emphasizes that consciousness and self-awareness serve as mechanisms for control, facilitating complex cognitive processes necessary for adapting to the environment. The conscious self model undergoes fluctuations influenced by internal and external stimuli and can interact with various body states. This dynamic relationship allows for an adaptability that enhances decision-making, particularly in unpredictable situations. The ability to regulate focus and attention emerges as a significant aspect of agency, allowing individuals to select goals and navigate complex tasks.
Ethics and Suffering in Consciousness
Finally, discussions around the implications of consciousness lead to ethical considerations regarding suffering and the existence of a self. Metzinger suggests that understanding the mechanics of suffering and how it interrelates with our self-model can provide insights into ethical decision-making. He argues for a necessary focus on alleviating suffering as a primary ethical consideration, extending this concern to both animals and potential artificial intelligence. This perspective calls for a reevaluation of how we perceive the capacity for suffering, whether in living beings or future sentient machines, as a crucial area of philosophical inquiry.
In this episode I speak with Professor Thomas Metzinger about how our strong, consciously experienced subjectivity emerges out of objective events in the natural world. According to Thomas, no such things as selves really exist in the world: nobody ever had or was a self. All that exists are what he calls `phenomenal' selves which our brains fabricate. In this episode I try to unpack what this means exactly, and what the implications are.
Note: The first question of this interview has been re-filmed after the interview.
Thomas has a new book, which he made open access for everybody to read for free. You can find it here: https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5725/The-Elephant-and-the-BlindThe-Experience-of-Pure
These conversations are supported by the Andrea von Braun foundation (http://www.avbstiftung.de/), as an exploration of the rich, exciting, connected, scientifically literate, and (most importantly) sustainable future of humanity. The Andrea von Braun Foundation has provided me with full creative freedom with their support. As such, the views expressed in these episodes are my own and those of my guests.
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