S4 Ep48: The high price of Pakistan’s polluting power contracts
Nov 27, 2024
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Sugandha Srivastav, a Researcher at the University of Oxford specializing in power purchase agreements in developing countries, joins the discussion to unveil the complexities of Pakistan's electricity contracts. She highlights how opaque PPAs lock the country into long-term, costly fossil fuel agreements, draining public resources. The conversation dives into the detrimental financial impact on Pakistan's economy, the shift from public to private sector management, and the urgent need for reforms towards sustainable energy solutions.
The rigid structure of long-term power purchase agreements in Pakistan distorts market incentives, leading to high electricity costs and public debt.
Renegotiating or litigating against harmful power contracts could facilitate access to affordable, cleaner energy and better distribute risks.
Deep dives
The Importance of Affordable Electricity
Access to affordable electricity is crucial for economic development in developing countries. The goal is to achieve universal access to electricity, which is a cornerstone for improving living standards and fostering growth. However, high electricity costs hinder this progress, prompting a need for insights into why affordability remains a challenge. New research reveals that the structure of power purchase agreements (PPAs) plays a significant role in driving up these costs, ultimately affecting the population's ability to access and utilize electricity.
Lopsided Power Purchase Agreements
Power purchase agreements in developing countries are often negotiated bilaterally and crafted to favor private investors excessively. These agreements usually include terms like cost-plus contracts and long durations, which protect generators from market fluctuations and even ensure fixed payments regardless of electricity demand. Such arrangements shift the risks from the private sector to the public, leading to distorted incentives and increased costs for consumers. Consequently, this structure has resulted in substantial profits for private firms while contributing to a growing debt crisis for many countries reliant on these PPAs.
Implications and Possible Reforms
The overwhelming discrepancy in risk and reward within these contracts has led to significant economic ramifications, including a high debt-to-GDP ratio in countries like Pakistan. Reforms may include renegotiating existing contracts to better distribute risks or litigating against contracts deemed harmful to public welfare. Legal precedents exist where governments have successfully argued for cheaper and cleaner energy alternatives in court, suggesting a viable pathway forward. Moving forward, it is critical to draft new contracts with greater foresight and flexibility to prevent repeating the mistakes of the past.
Where does electricity come from? In developing countries, the power sector uses
long-term, rigid contracts called power purchase agreements (PPAs) between a
private generator and government-owned utilities. These PPAs are not usually
competitive, their terms – including payment guarantees by which suppliers get paid
even when there is no demand – are often secret, they can last for up to 30 years,
and they guarantee the use of fossil fuels far into the future. Sugandha Srivastav
tells Tim Phillips about how the privatisation of electricity generation has created a
way to move money “from the public coffers to vested interests”.