Your friend is in a bit of distress. They’ve just been dunked in a pool, and they can’t pull themselves out. You’re looking on as they’re paddling furiously, trying to hold onto the pool’s ledge. Fortunately, there’s a way to save your friend, to give them an escape route. The thing is, there’s also something else vying for your attention at the moment: a chunk of chocolate. So what do you do? Do you first nab the chocolate and then free your friend?

Turns out that most rats in this position—that’s right, rats—will first free their friend and then go for the chocolate. This is one of many studies that have raised profound questions about whether animals are moral beings, about whether they are capable of things like care and empathy. Such studies are doing more than raising questions about animal morality, though; they’re also reshaping our understanding of what animal minds are capable of.

My guests today are not one but two philosophers: Dr. Kristin Andrews, Professor of Philosophy at York University in Toronto and Dr. Susana Monsó, Assistant Professor in the Department of Logic, History, and Philosophy of Science at UNED in Spain. Both Susana and Kristin have emerged as central figures in the new conversations and debates that springing about animal minds and animal morality.

We cover a lot of ground in this episode. We talk about rats and empathy. We discuss the role of philosophy in the crossdisciplinary study of animal cognition. We talk about Kristin’s most recent book, which is a critical consideration of how scientists are trained to study animals, and Susana’s book, which is an extended investigation into animals’ understandings of death. We zoom in on the “animal morality debate”—about whether animals should be considered moral beings. We consider how touch might inform the debate and social norms and morality are deeply enmeshed than you may realize. As we navigate these lofty ideas, we also touch on the use of thermography to study emotions in marmosets, planning in orangutans, tongue-biting in orcas, and playing dead in possums.

This is basically a double episode. It features two amazing guests. It takes on two big topics—the study of animal minds in general and the animal morality debate in particular. It’s also a tad longer than our usual fare, but I promised its packed with useful frameworks, provocative findings, and a bunch of open questions. I think it also picks up steam as we go—so be sure to stick with it, through to the second half.

Alright folks, as always, thanks so much for listening. And be sure to send us your guest and topic ideas, your glowing reviews, and your crotchety comments. You can reach us on Twitter or by email at manymindspodcast@gmail.com.

Now for my conversation with Dr. Susana Monsó and Dr. Kristin Andrews. Enjoy!

A transcript of this episode is available here.

Notes and links

5:00 – An essay by Dr. Andrews & Dr. Monsó in Aeon magazine, about how rats deserve ethical protections.

7:30 – A popular article about findings that vervet monkeys socially learn food preferences. The original research paper is here.

9:10 – A popular article on the findings that rats can learn to play hide-and-seek.

22:00 – Dr. Andrews’ most recent book is How to Study Animal Minds. Her earlier book, The Animal Mind, is now out in a second edition.

24:00 – Morgan’s Canon has been widely discussed and criticized in recent decades (see here, here, and here).

27:00 – A paper by Dr. Andrews on the role of folk psychology in animal cognition research.

33:00 – A paper by Dr. Andrews discussing the idea of “anthropectomy.”

34:00 – The paper by Dan Dennett that makes the distinction between “romantics” and “killjoys.”

35:20 – Dr. Monsó’s recent book (in Spanish) translates as Schrödinger’s Opossum. See also: her essay in Aeon about the phenomenon of “playing dead” and what it tells us about predator cognition; and her recent philosophical papers on the same topic (here, here).

49:30 – See the recent chapter by Dr. Monsó & Dr. Andrews on “animal moral psychologies.” See also a paper by Dr. Monsó and colleagues, ‘Animal morality: What it means and why it matters.’

51:30 – A classic article by Frans de Waal, ‘Putting the altruism back into altruism.’

53:40 – An “appreciation and update” to Tinbergen’s four questions.

58:00 – For a review of some of the “rat empathy” studies, see the “animal moral psychologies” chapter by Dr. Monsó & Dr. Andrews. This line of work began with a paper by Bartal and colleagues in 2011. A skeptical take can be found here.

1:01 – A popular article on how chimpanzees pass the “marshmallow test.”

1:04:00 – A paper on (the apparent absence of) “third-party punishment” in chimpanzees.

1:06:00 – A recent paper using thermography to gauge whether marmosets understand each other’s “conversations.”

1:08:00 – One of the now-famous “ape suit” studies by Chris Krupenye and colleagues.

1:11:30 – A recent paper by Dr. Andrews on the possibility of animal social norms.

1:17:00 – A recent paper by Dr. Monsó on “how the study of touch can inform the animal morality debate.”

1:21:00 – A recent paper by Filip Mattens on touch—and the “vigilance” function of touch in particular.

1:25:20 – A video of “eye-poking” in capuchins, which Susan Perry has studied.

1:28:00 – On the WEIRD issue, see our essay on first decade of the acronym.

Dr. Andrews recommends:

The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Animal Minds, edited by Dr. Andrews & Jacob Beck

‘Gricean communication, language development, and animal minds,’ by Richard Moore

Chimpanzee Memoirs, edited by Stephen Ross* & Lydia Hopper

Dr. Monsó recommends:

The Animal Cognition entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Mind of a Bee, Lars Chittka (forthcoming)

An Immense World, Ed Yong (forthcoming)

You can read more about Dr. Andrews’ work at her website and follow her on Twitter. You can read more about Dr. Monsó’s work at her website and follow her on Twitter.

* Sadly, shortly after this episode was recorded, Stephen Ross died unexpectedly. Read an obituary here.

Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute (DISI) (https://disi.org), which is made possible by a generous grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation to UCLA. It is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from assistant producer Cecilia Padilla. Creative support is provided by DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd (https://www.mayhilldesigns.co.uk/). Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala (https://sarahdopierala.wordpress.com/).

You can subscribe to Many Minds on Apple, Stitcher, Spotify, Pocket Casts, Google Play, or wherever you like to listen to podcasts.

We welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions. Feel free to email us at: manymindspodcast@gmail.com.

For updates about the show, visit our website (https://disi.org/manyminds/), or follow us on Twitter: @ManyMindsPod.

26: The car crash 'dummy'