Playing by the rules – a game theoretic view on social norms | with Cristina Bicchieri
Nov 4, 2024
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Cristina Bicchieri, the S.J. Patterson Harvie Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, shares her insights on social norms through the lens of game theory. She discusses how these unwritten rules shape behavior and the critical role they play in driving social change. The conversation highlights the impact of social norms on harmful practices like open defecation and child marriage, emphasizing the need for understanding community behaviors. Bicchieri also explores the influence of norms on poverty dynamics, illustrating how they can transform social interactions.
Social norms significantly influence individual behavior through game theory, affecting choices in coordination games and mixed motive scenarios like the Prisoner's Dilemma.
Organizations can effectively drive social change by understanding and altering empirical expectations, leveraging trendsetters to challenge and reshape existing social norms.
Deep dives
Connection Between Social Norms and Game Theory
Social norms play a crucial role in shaping behaviors within various game theory frameworks. For instance, the concept of a convention relies on empirical expectations, where individuals choose to follow certain behaviors like stopping at red traffic lights based on the belief that others will do the same. This forms what is known as coordination games, where the rational choice is to adhere to these conventions due to mutual expectations. However, social norms become more complex in mixed motive scenarios, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma, where the presence of a social norm can shift the game from a single equilibrium to multiple equilibria, enabling cooperation and beneficial outcomes for the community.
Understanding and Changing Social Norms
Changing social norms necessitates a deep understanding of their underlying mechanisms, which often involve empirical and normative expectations. Organizations like UNICEF and the Gates Foundation have sought expertise in this area to address pressing social issues such as child marriage and sanitation practices. For example, through rigorous measurement techniques, researchers can distinguish whether behaviors are driven by social norms or mere customs, and identify ways to influence those norms effectively. As demonstrated in the case of open defecation in India, altering empirical expectations has a direct impact on behavior, leading to a shift in what is perceived as the acceptable norm.
The Role of Trendsetters in Norm Change
Trendsetters, often peripheral figures within a community, can significantly influence the change of social norms by challenging existing expectations and behaviors. These individuals tend to possess attributes like autonomy and perceived self-efficacy, which empower them to instigate change despite not being central to social networks. Their effectiveness can be attributed to understanding the varying thresholds of community members regarding norm adherence, as some may require a higher level of observed behavior change before doing the same. By focusing on empirical expectations and leveraging the influence of trendsetters, organizations can foster a cultural shift that promotes positive social change.
In this episode, we explore the fascinating world of social norms and how they influence behavior through the lens of game theory. What exactly are social norms, and why do they matter? Cristina Bicchieri explains how these unwritten rules shape our everyday actions and how game theory helps us understand when and why people follow or break these norms. We also delve into how organizations use this knowledge to drive social change, from improving sanitation to reducing corruption.
Cristina Bicchieri is the S. J. Patterson Harvie Professor of Social Thought and Comparative Ethics at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research focuses on the intersection of philosophy, psychology, and game theory, particularly in understanding how social norms develop and evolve. Cristina has worked with global organizations like UNICEF and the World Bank to apply her research in real-world settings. If you want to dive deeper into the topic of social norms, you can check out Cristina’s book “The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms”.
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