EP #1 | The Evolutionary Function Of Reasoning and Epistemic Vigilance | Hugo Mercier
Jul 3, 2023
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Hugo Mercier, a cognitive scientist at the Institut Jean Nicod, dives deep into the evolutionary roots of reasoning and its role in enhancing social interactions. He challenges traditional views by emphasizing reasoning's social function and its impact on collective intelligence. The discussion touches on biases in reasoning, the challenges in developing artificial general intelligence, and the importance of epistemic vigilance in today's misinformation landscape. Mercier also explores how expertise influences reasoning and the need for diverse viewpoints to enrich our understanding.
Reasoning serves as a critical cognitive function not just for individual decision-making, but primarily as a social tool for argumentation and engagement.
Cognitive biases frequently hinder personal reasoning, particularly the my-side bias, yet group discussions can help individuals consider opposing viewpoints and improve outcomes.
Epistemic vigilance is essential in evaluating the reliability of information, enabling individuals to navigate through the complexities of misinformation in today's digital landscape.
Deep dives
The Study of Reasoning
Reasoning plays a critical role in human cognition, relevant across various everyday situations. It encompasses both simple decision-making tasks, like planning a weekend outing, and intricate intellectual debates. Understanding how humans acquire reasoning abilities sheds light on the mechanisms of the human mind. Researchers delve into the evolution and social context of reasoning to unravel its complexities.
The Argumentative Theory of Reasoning
The argumentative theory posits that the primary function of reasoning is not to correct individual mistakes, but to facilitate social argumentation. This framework suggests that reasoning evolved to help individuals exchange and evaluate arguments within a social setting. Unlike the traditional view that emphasizes individual cognitive correction, this theory reframes reasoning as a social tool for discourse and engagement. By focusing on the social dimension, it challenges existing perceptions about the nature and purpose of reasoning.
Cognitive Biases and Group Contexts
Cognitive biases, such as the my-side bias, significantly impact individual reasoning, leading people to favor arguments that support their preconceived notions. In a group context, however, individuals are more likely to consider opposing viewpoints, which can lead to improved reasoning outcomes. The presence of a group can mitigate the negative effects of cognitive biases; having sensible peers provides a check on faulty intuitions. Thus, engaging in argumentation within groups is essential to overcoming individual biases and enhancing decision-making.
Epistemic Vigilance and Communication
Epistemic vigilance refers to the cognitive mechanisms that humans utilize to assess the reliability of information during communication. This capacity allows individuals to discern reliable from deceptive messages, a vital skill amidst the proliferation of misinformation. Although humans generally possess tools to evaluate communication, the prevalence of misinformation challenges this process. Understanding the dynamics of trust and skepticism in communication can help individuals navigate the complexities of information in today's digital age.
The Complexity of Trust
Trust is fundamental to human interactions, yet it operates under an asymmetry that affects our willingness to engage with others. When trust is betrayed, individuals learn valuable lessons; however, when they choose not to trust, they miss opportunities for fruitful interactions without ever knowing what could have been. This dynamic underscores the importance of developing a discerning approach to trust, as it can enhance relationships and collaborative efforts. People who foster trust are often better at detecting whom to rely on and can navigate interpersonal dynamics more effectively.
Humans reason about many matters: from the most simple of concerns, like the planning of a weekend outing; to the most complex and intellectual topics. Given the ubiquity of reasoning, and the broad range of situations which call for it, we tend to take it for granted. But for these very same reasons, the study of reasoning is quite central to understanding the workings of the human mind. One can wonder how we came to acquire such a capacity, how our minds are so wired to make inferences, the places where reasoning breaks down, and so much more.
On this first ever episode of the Cognitations Podcast, Hugo Mercier tells us how we can answer these questions. Hugo Mercier, is a cognitive scientist at the Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS). His work has primarily focused on the function and workings of reasoning. Other research themes that he engages with are collective intelligence, the evaluation of communicated information, trust in science and interest in science. He is the author of two books: The Enigma of Reason (co-authored with Dan Sperber) & Not Born Yesterday in 2020.
Credits:
Interview: Tanay Katiyar and Jay Richardson
Artwork: Ella Bergru
Editing: Mathieu Fraticelli
Music: Thelma Samuel and Robin Baradel
Communication: Guillaume Coudriet
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