Productivity and affordability: Canada’s top challenges in 2025
Dec 9, 2024
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Frances Donald, RBC's Chief Economist, offers keen insights into Canada's economic future as it navigates significant challenges in 2025. She discusses the stark divergence from U.S. growth and monetary policy, fueled by changes in trade dynamics and political leadership. The conversation dives into pressing issues like rising economic inequality, the impact of immigration on labor and housing, and the urgent need for effective solutions to Canada’s housing affordability crisis. Donald outlines the complex interplay between economic growth, inflation, and policy measures.
Canada's economic trajectory in 2025 will significantly diverge from the U.S. due to differing monetary policies and persistent structural challenges.
Challenges in immigration policy, aimed at balancing housing demand, may negatively impact Canada's labor market and overall economic growth.
Deep dives
Navigating Economic Uncertainty in Canada
Canada's economic outlook for 2025 is characterized by significant uncertainty influenced by global events such as geopolitical conflicts and shifting U.S. trade policies. The economy is expected to experience a challenging first half due to high interest rates and rising unemployment, yet a potential easing of rates in the latter half could bring relief. Notably, Canada may experience a divergence from U.S. economic trends, marking a permanent shift in economic models influenced by fiscal policies and inflationary pressures. Economists will need to unpack a complex narrative in which Canada's structural challenges, such as low fertility rates and productivity issues, persist even as surface-level data paints a more resilient picture.
The Impact of U.S. Election Outcomes
The recent U.S. elections and the potential policies of a Republican administration may lead to a downgrade in Canadian GDP forecasts due to increased protectionism in trade. Canada is particularly vulnerable in sectors such as automotive and energy, where tariffs could threaten exports to the U.S. However, Canada’s unique position as a critical supplier of certain goods may mitigate risks; for example, its resources in critical minerals provide leverage. Furthermore, while direct links to U.S. growth continue to influence Canadian economics, broader protectionist trends on a global scale may introduce both risks and opportunities for Canada's economic landscape.
The Complex Relationship Between Immigration and Economic Growth
Immigration has played a vital role in Canada’s labor market, particularly in addressing labor shortages during recent years, but it has also introduced challenges such as housing supply constraints and a shift in public sentiment towards immigration policy. The policy shift to lower immigration targets aims to rebalance the economy amid soaring housing demand, yet it raises concerns over future population growth and productivity. While a previous surge in immigration helped maintain GDP growth, recent changes may lead to tangible adverse effects on the labor market and, consequently, on economic growth. Economists anticipate that the reduced immigrant flow will exacerbate existing issues and potentially deepen economic inequality.
Divergence in Central Bank Policies
A significant divergence in monetary policy between the Bank of Canada and the Federal Reserve is anticipated, driven by stark differences in fiscal spending and inflationary pressures. As Canadian productivity potential declines, the Bank of Canada may reduce interest rates to stimulate growth, while the Federal Reserve might maintain higher rates due to expansive U.S. fiscal policies. This disparity could lead to a weaker Canadian dollar, which presents challenges but may also offer some economic advantages as trade dynamics shift. The overall economic landscape necessitates careful monitoring of both domestic and international policies as Canada navigates these complex intersections of growth, inflation, and fiscal restraint.
Canada enters 2025 facing huge uncertainties at home and abroad. But one thing seems clear: it is set on a very different path to its powerful neighbor in terms of both economic growth potential and monetary policy. In this episode of Strategic Alternatives, Lindsay Patrick, Head of Strategy, Marketing and Sustainability is joined by RBC Chief Economist Frances Donald to analyze why Canada and the U.S. are diverging so starkly and to assess Canada’s efforts to address its housing and affordability crises in the year ahead.
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