Politics and Religion in Late Antiquity, Part I: Geopolitics, Empire, and Rabbinic Judaism
Jun 22, 2022
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The podcast explores politics, religion, and the Jews in late antiquity, including the geopolitical balance of the Roman and Sassanian states, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism, and the influence of Zoroastrianism on Christian teachings.
The geopolitical situation between the Roman and Sassanian states played a significant role in influencing Western esotericism and shaping the religious landscape of late antiquity.
The destruction of the temple led to the emergence of rabbinic Judaism, characterized by congregational worship in synagogues and the development of authoritative figures known as rabbis.
Deep dives
Overview of the Podcast Episode
In this two-part podcast episode, the speaker discusses various aspects of late antiquity, focusing on the status and development of Judaism and Christianity. The episode begins by acknowledging the rise and spread of major new religious movements like myth-riism, mannequism, and Christianity in the Roman world. It highlights the need to understand the basic building blocks of mainstream religions, particularly Judaism and Christianity, to grasp the evolution of esoteric currents. The discussion delves into the geopolitical situation of the Roman Empire's rival, the Persian realm, and the influence of Zoroastrianism on Western esotericism. The first part also explores the rise of rabbinic Judaism as a response to the destruction of the temple and the development of synagogue-based congregational worship. The episode concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding the historical background before exploring the reimagining of paganism and the esoteric currents within Christianity.
The Influence of the Sasanians
The Sasanians, who replaced the Parthians in the Near East, played a significant role in influencing Western esotericism. The Roman-Sasanian border, although politically contested, was not a cultural boundary. Continuous Jewish communities existed on both sides, influencing the development of Jewish culture and scripture interpretation. The Sasanians also propagated the State-sanctioned Zoroastrianism, a dualistic religion that impacted esoteric thought throughout the empire. This dualism likely influenced the late antique trend of thinking in terms of active agents of good and evil across various religions. The Sasanians' religious policies and their codification of Zoroastrianism had a profound impact on the religious landscape of late antiquity.
Development of Rabbinic Judaism
After the destruction of the temple in 70 CE, Judaism underwent a significant transformation. Local congregational groupings, known as synagogues, emerged, led by rabbis who became authoritative figures. Over several generations, highly erudite Jewish scholars compiled oral traditions into written form, resulting in the Mishnah and later the Talmudic commentaries. These texts formed the scriptural foundation of rabbinic Judaism. The rabbis played a central role in interpreting and adding to this extensive body of law, enabling esoteric interpretation methods and theological speculations. Rabbinic Judaism evolved into a congregational religion centered around learned authority figures, parallel to developments in Christianity and other religious movements in late antiquity.
Christianity and the Ecumenical Councils
While Jews enjoyed a semi-protected status within the Roman world, Christians faced persecution and were seen as a subversive force by some Romans. However, Christianity eventually became the official religious creed of the Roman Empire. The episode highlights the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE as a turning point in Christianity's rise to power. The speaker poses the question of how this fringe Jewish movement transformed into an imperial religious force. Part two of the episode promises to delve deeper into the background and factors that contributed to this remarkable transformation.
At the end of the the third century, the podcast dives back into the realm where politics meets religion. In Part I, we discuss the geopolitical balance of the Roman and Sassanian states, the position of the Jews in late antiquity, and the basics of the future of Jewry, a new form of Jewish life and religion known as Rabbinic Judaism.
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