Uroš Kovač, "The Precarity of Masculinity: Football, Pentecostalism, and Transnational Aspirations in Cameroon" (Berghahn Books, 2022)
Sep 30, 2024
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Uroš Kovač, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Groningen, dives into the intricate lives of young footballers in Cameroon. He explores how their aspirations intertwine with precarious masculinity and shifting economic landscapes. Football serves as a launching pad for dreams of migration and success, while Pentecostalism provides a moral framework amidst societal challenges. Kovač highlights the harsh realities of transnational journeys, showcasing the struggle between hopeful aspirations and the unpredictability of the sports market.
Football serves as a pivotal avenue for young Cameroonians to pursue migration and enhance social mobility in a challenging economic landscape.
Pentecostal Christianity empowers young footballers in Cameroon to redefine masculinity, merging personal aspirations with moral frameworks that defy negative stereotypes.
The concept of 'precarious masculinity' illustrates how economic instability and global structures shape the identities and aspirations of young men in Cameroon.
Deep dives
The Role of Football in Aspirational Migration
Football serves as a significant vehicle for many young men in Cameroon to achieve their aspirations for migration and social mobility. This sport has become a primary means for these young individuals to seek opportunities abroad, as they often perceive it as their best chance to escape economic precarity in their home country. By joining football academies, they not only aim to improve their skills but align themselves with the broader narrative of success and wealth often depicted by professional athletes. The pursuit of a football career symbolizes both personal aspiration and socio-economic advancement, bringing together individual goals and familial expectations for financial stability.
Pentecostalism and Masculinity
Pentecostal Christianity has gained considerable traction among young Cameroonian footballers, providing them with a framework to redefine their masculinity. This religious movement emphasizes notions of success, personal agency, and moral conduct, which resonate deeply with these young men facing societal pressures. By embracing Pentecostal teachings, they seek to distance themselves from negative stereotypes associated with masculine identities, such as idleness or irresponsibility, while engaging in a community that encourages their aspirations. Thus, the intersection of Pentecostalism and football serves as a transformative space where they can cultivate both hope and a viable identity.
Precarity of Masculinity
The concept of 'precarious masculinity' highlights the unique challenges faced by young men in Cameroon, shaped by both localized and global economic structures. Economic crises, exacerbated by neoliberal policies, have left these individuals grappling with unemployment and limited opportunities, affecting their ability to fulfill traditional male roles as providers. This instability is further illustrated through migration experiences, where many face uncertainty and exploitation despite their ambitions for a better life. Understanding masculinity in this context requires a focus on its fluidity and connection to socio-economic conditions rather than static or hegemonic ideals.
Hope and Its Dual Nature
Hope is a pivotal theme within the narratives of Cameroonian youth, representing both aspirations for advancement and the harsh realities they face. While hope can fuel their pursuit of dreams, it also risks becoming a mechanism that binds them to unattainable ideals, leading to feelings of betrayal when those aspirations are not met. The optimistic vision of migrating for football can morph into disillusionment when faced with the stark hardships of life abroad. Thus, hope must be critically examined as both a motivating force and a potential source of suffering, demanding a nuanced understanding of its effects on young men's lives.
Navigating Expectations and Reality
Young Cameroonian footballers often navigate conflicting expectations from their families and communities while simultaneously confronting the realities of their situation. Many aspire to succeed in football and migrate to improve their family's livelihood, yet face societal labeling as 'lazy' if they fall short of these ambitions. This discrepancy between societal expectations and personal experiences fosters a complex emotional landscape where these individuals must prove their worth through resilience in their pursuits. Engaging with these contradictions allows for a deeper examination of the pressures they encounter, the dreams they harbor, and the strategies they employ to carve out a meaningful existence amidst adversity.
A compelling work that explores the lives and aspirations of young footballers with deep nuance and insight, The Precarity of Masculinity: Football, Pentecostalism, and Transnational Aspirations in Cameroon (Berghahn Books, 2022) shows how precarious masculinity, Pentecostal spirituality, and aspirations of prosperous futures are intertwining and interrelated in the everyday lives in Southwest regions of Cameroon.
Since the 1990s, an increasing number of young men in Cameroon have aspired to play football as a career and a strategy to migrate abroad. Migration through the sport promises fulfillment of masculine dreams of sports stardom, as well as opportunities to earn a living that have been hollowed out by the country’s long economic stalemate. The aspiring footballers are increasingly turning to Pentecostal Christianity, which allows them to challenge common tropes of young men as stubborn and promiscuous, while also offering a moral and bodily regime that promises success despite the odds. Yet the transnational sports market is tough and unpredictable: it demands disciplined young bodies and introduces new forms of uncertainty. The book unpacks young Cameroonians’ football dreams, Pentecostal faith, obligations to provide, and desires to migrate to highlight the precarity of masculinity in structurally adjusted Africa and neoliberal capitalism.
Uroš Kovač is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Groningen’s Centre for Religion, Conflict, and Globalization. He is a social anthropologist researching gender, migration, religion and development, often through the prism of sports in Africa and Europe.
Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of the anthropology of state, the anthropology of time, hope studies, and post-structuralist philosophy. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here.