In this discussion with Chris Appy, a history professor and director of the Ellsberg Initiative for Peace and Democracy, the focus is on the 1969 draft lottery and its impact on public trust. Appy explores how the televised nature of the Vietnam War revealed darker truths about government narratives, leading to erosion of faith in leadership. He details pivotal moments like the Tet Offensive and the My Lai Massacre, illustrating their role in fueling dissent. The episode dives into personal stories and the emotional toll this era took on both individuals and society as a whole.
The 1969 draft lottery aimed to promote fairness in military service selection but ultimately highlighted ongoing inequalities in the system.
The Vietnam War significantly diminished public trust in the government, with skepticism towards authority persisting well into future decades.
Deep dives
The Impact of the 1969 Draft Lottery
The 1969 draft lottery represented a pivotal change in how individuals were selected for military service during the Vietnam War, moving from local draft boards' decisions to a randomized selection process. This was intended to create a perception of fairness among American citizens, as the lottery aimed to treat each eligible young man equally based on chance rather than connections or deferments. Many young men, like Wes Abney, found themselves anxiously watching the live broadcast, fully aware that their futures hinged upon the drawing of their birthdates. However, despite intentions of fairness, loopholes remained, leading many who had connections or resources to evade the draft, illuminating ongoing inequalities within the system.
Erosion of Trust in Government
Beginning with more than 77% of Americans expressing trust in government in 1964, the Vietnam War steadily eroded this faith as various events unfolded, including the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Tet Offensive. As President Johnson's narrative of a 'limited war' came into question, particularly after respected figures like Walter Cronkite questioned the likelihood of victory, public skepticism grew significantly. By the end of 1968, trust in government had declined to 62%, with growing opposition to the war as the human costs became undeniable. This erosion was compounded by revelations of the My Lai Massacre and the government's initial response to the draft, leading to a crisis of faith that altered the American political landscape.
The Long-Term Consequences of the Vietnam War
The Vietnam War catalyzed a profound shift in American attitudes towards government authority, with trust in the federal government plummeting to around 35% by 1976. This decline stemmed not only from the war's unpopularity and the exposure of governmental deceptions, such as the Pentagon Papers, but also reflected a broader societal shift towards skepticism that persisted well into future decades. Although the growth of skepticism may foster a more critical citizenry, it also led to a pervasive cynicism towards governmental institutions, affecting engagement and participation in the democratic process. This long-term trend is reflected in contemporary surveys, where trust in government remains alarmingly low, highlighting the enduring legacy of Vietnam on American political culture.
December 1, 1969. Millions across America are tuned in to the same TV broadcast. They see a bland stage with some government workers behind desks. But there's also a large, plastic container filled with small blue capsules. In each of these capsules, a birth date. The order in which they're chosen will determine who is eligible to be sent off to fight in the Vietnam War. This is the draft lottery, an attempt by the Nixon administration to make the selective service process seem more fair, and restore some trust between the U.S. government and its people. It does not work.
Today, public trust and the Vietnam War. How did this conflict, the first televised war, permanently alter the kind of faith that American citizens put into their leaders? And as a country, have we really ever recovered?