Daniel Waldenström, a leading economist from Sweden, shares insights from his book 'Richer and More Equal'. He reveals a surprising historical narrative that since the late 1800s, the middle class has significantly expanded its wealth share, challenging the idea that capitalism equals inequality. Waldenström argues for tax and social policies that uplift the bottom and middle tiers of society, rather than penalizing entrepreneurs. Together with economist Javier Mejia, they critically evaluate how emotional perceptions of inequality can distort public opinion, especially in sensitive regions like Latin America.
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Shift to Inequality
Daniel Waldenström's interest in inequality began at UCLA, inspired by Emmanuel Saez's work and the rising attention on the topic.
He shifted his focus from financial history to inequality, recognizing its real-world impact and the lack of research in Scandinavia.
insights INSIGHT
Scandinavian Paradox
Working on inequality in Scandinavia presents a paradox: promoting welfare state abroad, while advocating for private sector growth at home.
Waldenström observes that the political left prioritizes inequality but is fact-resistant, while the right disregards the issue.
insights INSIGHT
Old Narrative of Inequality
The 'old narrative' of inequality emphasizes shocks to capital (wars, taxes) as the primary drivers of equalization in the 20th century, followed by a policy reversal causing a resurgence of inequality.
This narrative posits that unfettered capitalism inherently leads to rising inequality.
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Daniel Waldenström's "Richer and More Equal" challenges the conventional narrative of rising inequality in the West. The book argues that the 20th century saw a significant increase in the middle class's wealth share, driven by institutional changes like expanded suffrage, education, and labor laws. These reforms empowered workers, leading to increased productivity, savings, and homeownership. Waldenström emphasizes the importance of popular wealth accumulation through housing and pensions in reducing inequality, contrasting this with the focus on capital destruction in previous analyses. The book concludes by advocating for policies that promote wealth growth for the bottom and middle classes, rather than solely targeting the wealthy.
Interview with Daniel Waldenström, author of 'Richer and More Equal: A New History of Wealth in the West'.
Using cutting-edge research and new, sometimes surprising, data, Waldenström shows that what stands out since the late 1800s is a massive rise in the size of the middle class and its share of society’s total wealth. Unfettered capitalism, it seems, doesn’t have to lead to boundless inequality. The key to progress was political and institutional change that enabled citizens to become educated, better paid, and to amass wealth through housing and pension savings. Waldenström asks how we can consolidate these gains while encouraging the creation of new capital. The answer, he argues, is to pursue tax and social policies that raise the wealth of people in the bottom and middle rather than cutting wealth of entrepreneurs at the top.
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Javier Mejia is an economist at Stanford University who specializes in the intersection of social networks and economic history. His research interests also include entrepreneurship and political economy, with a particular focus on Latin America and the Middle East. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics from Los Andes University. Mejia has previously been a Postdoctoral Associate and Lecturer at New York University-Abu Dhabi and a Visiting Scholar at the University of Bordeaux. He is also a frequent contributor to various news outlets, currently serving as an op-ed columnist for Forbes Magazine.