Philip Goff, a Professor of Philosophy at Durham University and author of 'Consciousness and Fundamental Reality,' dives into the intriguing realm of consciousness. He tackles type-b physicalism and the concept of philosophical zombies, challenging the tenets of materialism. Goff critiques current frameworks of consciousness, exploring the implications of personal experience versus theoretical knowledge. The discussion also ventures into the evolution of belief and the reimagining of religion, inviting a fresh perspective on faith and spirituality.
The podcast challenges materialism by examining the philosophical zombie thought experiment, raising questions about consciousness and reality.
Phenomenal transparency is discussed as a key concept revealing essential truths about subjective experiences, critical to understanding consciousness.
The dialogue emphasizes the relationship between conceivability and possibility, highlighting its implications for both philosophical and spiritual discussions.
Deep dives
Argument Against Materialism
The podcast delves into the debate surrounding the arguments against materialism, particularly through the lens of the philosophical zombie thought experiment. Philosophical zombies are presented as perfect physical duplicates of humans lacking consciousness, raising questions about the nature of consciousness and reality. This thought experiment suggests a conceivable world where a physical entity behaves like a human but lacks any subjective experiences, which challenges the materialist view that physical facts determine everything about consciousness. The discussion indicates that if such zombies are conceivable, it implies that materialism may not fully account for the complexities of consciousness.
Phenomenal Transparency and Opacity
The podcast introduces the concepts of phenomenal transparency and opacity as crucial distinctions within the philosophy of mind. A transparent concept allows for a clear understanding of the essence of its referent, such as the notion of pain being inherently linked to the feeling experienced, while opaque concepts obscure this connection, necessitating external investigation. The speakers argue that understanding consciousness through phenomenal transparency reveals essential truths about experiences directly from the subjective point of view. This perspective supports the argument against materialism by asserting that if consciousness were purely physical, one should intuitively grasp its nature through direct experience.
Super Justification in Conscious Experience
A key discussion point is the notion of 'super justification,' which posits that our knowledge about our own conscious experiences holds a higher degree of certainty than other forms of empirical knowledge. This idea suggests that when individuals reflect on their experiences, such as different colors or feelings, they possess an immediate understanding of the essence of those experiences. The speakers argue that this special status of experiential knowledge necessitates an explanation, and they contend it can be accounted for if phenomenal transparency is true. The challenge for physicalists is to explain how such a higher justification exists if thoughts about experiences are merely brain states.
Conceivability and Possibility
The dialogue expands on the relationship between conceivability and possibility, particularly in the context of phenomenal concepts. It is posited that if phenomenal concepts are transparent, it becomes plausible to see a logical connection between our understanding of experiences and their possibilities. The speakers elaborate that if one can conceive of something without contradiction, then it is possible, thereby reinforcing arguments against physicalism. A critical aspect of this discussion highlights how transparency allows individuals to differentiate between various experiences, underlining the significance of subjective understanding in philosophical analysis.
Implications for Philosophy and Religion
The latter segments of the podcast touch upon the implications of these philosophical arguments for broader discussions about religion and metaphysics. The speaker mentions an upcoming book focused on engaging the spiritual but not religious audience, while highlighting the value of religious traditions that encompass mystical experiences. The conversation hints at a transformative approach to engaging with faith, encouraging a re-evaluation of beliefs while accommodating philosophical insights about consciousness. This intersection signifies a broader dialogue between philosophy and spirituality, suggesting that understanding consciousness might enrich one’s engagement with religious or spiritual practices.
Explore zombieland with Philip Goff and I as we discuss type-b physicalism, the link between conceivability and possibility, Goff’s differences with David Chalmers, and much else related to the conceivability argument against materialism.