Neuroscience and AI: What artificial intelligence teaches us about the brain (and vice versa) | Surya Ganguli
May 23, 2024
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Neuroscientist Surya Ganguli discusses the intersection of neuroscience and AI, exploring how advanced AI tools challenge our notions of computer intelligence. The conversation delves into the efficiency and adaptability of AI systems compared to the human brain, the importance of data efficiency and error reduction in AI models, and the potential collaboration between artificial and biological intelligence in brain modeling and memory prosthetics.
AI systems offer remarkable tasks but lack efficient reasoning abilities compared to human brains.
Humans extract knowledge efficiently with less data, contrasting AI systems that require significant data for error reduction.
Deep dives
Similarities and Differences Between Artificial and Biological Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools like large language models (LLMs) have revealed both similarities and differences compared to biological intelligence. While LLMs can perform remarkable tasks and generate images, they also exhibit notable limitations such as poor long-range planning and reasoning abilities. In contrast, humans demonstrate greater efficiency in learning and knowledge extraction from their experiences. The comparison highlights the distinct ways in which AI systems and the human brain process information and make decisions.
Data Efficiency in AI and Human Learning
The discussion delves into the data efficiency of AI systems compared to human learning processes. AI models show diminishing marginal returns with increasing data, requiring significant data volume for incremental error reduction. In contrast, human learning demonstrates a more efficient knowledge extraction process from the external world with significantly less data. The differences suggest that the organization and extraction of knowledge in humans differ substantially from AI systems, implying diverse learning mechanisms between the two.
Model Reduction in Understanding Biological Neural Networks
The exploration of model reduction techniques in understanding biological neural networks reveals the potential to extract key subcircuits responsible for specific responses. Through experiments on the retina's response to stimuli, researchers successfully identified simple subcircuits that explain the retina's specialized functions. This approach accelerates the theory-experiment cycle in neuroscience, offering insights into the intricate computations and predictive abilities of the retina.
Future Prospects of Close Loop Brain-Machine Interfaces
The podcast delves into the concept of close loop brain-machine interfaces that combine AI and biological intelligence to enhance cognitive capabilities. The potential applications include memory prosthetics, stabilizing neural activity, and creating bio-hybrid artificial intelligences. By leveraging AI to interact with neural networks and mimic brain functions, researchers aim to unlock innovative solutions such as memory augmentation and robust neural network training. This innovative approach signifies a promising direction for leveraging AI in conjunction with biological intelligence for advanced cognitive applications.
The powerful new generation of AI tools that has come out over the past few years — DALL-E, ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and the rest — have blown away our old ideas about what AI can do and raised questions about what it means for computers to start acting... intelligent?
This week, we ask what the rise of these systems might teach us about our own biological intelligence — and vice versa. What does modern neuroscience have to say about how AI could become as flexible, efficient, and resilient as the human brain.
Few people are better positioned to speak to the intersection of neuroscience and AI than today's guest: Surya Ganguli.
Ganguli's lab produced some of the first diffusion models — which are at the foundation of today's AI revolution — and is now working to understand how complex emergent properties arise from biological and artificial neural networks.
Visit us! Want to learn more about AI and Neuroscience? Join us at Wu Tsai Neuro's annual symposium on October 17, 2024, which will showcase the frontiers of biological and artificial intelligence research. (More details coming soon!)
Episode credits This episode was produced by Michael Osborne at 14th Street Studios, with production assistance by Morgan Honaker. Our logo is by Aimee Garza. The show is hosted by Nicholas Weiler at Stanford's Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.
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