The question who is used repeatedly in Romans 8:31-35

Paul's famous series of questions in Romans 8:31-35 all start with the interrogative pronoun who. This repetition highlights the emphasis on personal opposition faced by Christians. When Paul asks who is against us, he refers to the devil as the adversary. The devil brings charges against Christians in the courtroom of heaven, as mentioned in Revelation 12:10. The devil's accusations are not something visibly seen or heard, but Scripture provides glimpses of this activity, such as Satan demanding to sift Peter like wheat. Despite the devil's accusations, believers find assurance in the fact that they are justified by God through Jesus Christ, as depicted in Zechariah and symbolized by Joshua being clothed in clean garments.