Ways to raise debt financing in European markets

In Europe, corporate borrowers have various ways to raise debt financing. Banks are active but have become more conservative since the global financial crisis. The syndicated loan market is dominated by collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) managed by investment managers. Larger borrowers and private equity-owned businesses often tap into this market. High yield bonds and investment grade bonds are also used, although retail investor bases are not as significant in Europe as in the US. Private credit is a growing sector, but regulatory limitations in Europe limit the retail investor base.