Why Gandhi's vision for an inclusive India never materialized

The Bhagavad Gita is a central text in Hinduism, embedded within the epic Mahabharata. It recounts a dialogue between the warrior-prince Arjuna and his charioteer, Krishna, who is an avatar of the god Vishnu. The text explores themes of dharma (duty), karma (action), and the path to spiritual enlightenment. Krishna advises Arjuna on the importance of performing his duties without attachment to the outcomes, emphasizing the concept of nishkama karma (nonattached action). The Gita synthesizes various strands of Indian religious thought, including Vedic concepts, samkhya yoga, and bhakti (devotion), providing a coherent vision of Hindu philosophy and spiritual practice.

Mahatma Gandhi's 'Hind Swaraj' outlines his vision for Indian self-rule and critiques modern civilization. Written as a dialogue, the book advocates for moral and spiritual regeneration as the foundation for political freedom. Gandhi rejects Western models of development, emphasizing the importance of traditional values, village industries, and non-violent resistance. He critiques the destructive impact of industrialization, materialism, and the legal profession. 'Hind Swaraj' calls for a return to simplicity, self-sufficiency, and ethical conduct in all aspects of life. The book remains a powerful and influential statement of Gandhi's philosophy.

Written during his imprisonment at Ahmednagar fort, 'The Discovery of India' is a monumental treatise that examines Indian history, philosophy, art, religion, science, economy, society, and movements. Nehru starts from ancient Indian history, including the Indus Valley Civilization, and moves through the Vedic era, the Upanishads, the epics like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, and notable figures such as the Buddha and Mahatma Gandhi. The book provides a broad view of Indian culture and history, reflecting Nehru's deep knowledge and personal insights into the nation's development and its struggle for independence.