This podcast explores the impact of industrialization on female employment in Singapore, focusing on Chinese, Malays, and Indians. It discusses the cultural preference for female seclusion but also highlights the significant increase in female employment due to economic rewards and structural transformation. The podcast also compares gender equality between East Asia and South Asia, specifically discussing the experiences of Tamil Indian women in Singapore and present-day India. It examines the impact of industrialization, economic opportunities, and the challenges faced in transforming societal structures.
Female employment rises with job-creating growth, leading to significant increases in employment rates.
East Asian women experienced greater empowerment through rapid industrialization and exploitation of female labor, while South Asian women face continued gender role restrictions.
Deep dives
The East Asian Miracle for Women
The podcast discusses the East Asian Miracle for women and how female employment rose alongside job-creating growth. In 1957, Chinese women had a 22% employment rate, while Malays and Indians had rates of 6% and 7% respectively. However, over the 1960s and 1970s, fertility fell and factories expanded, creating labor scarcity. Rising wages provided incentives for female employment, leading to a significant increase in female employment rates. By 1979, female employment for all groups had risen to 42%, with Indian women experiencing the greatest growth, going from 7% to 42% in less than 20 years.
The Asian Gender Divergence
The podcast highlights the divergence between East and South Asian women's empowerment. East Asia, including Singapore, overcame the 'patrilineal trap' through rapid industrialization and the exploitation of female labor. This led to increased economic opportunities, migration to cities, and greater freedom for women. In contrast, South Asia's slower and weaker structural transformation has perpetuated traditional gender roles and restrictions on female mobility. While some South Indian women aspire to break free from these constraints, safety and further structural changes are necessary to realize their ambitions.
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The East Asian Miracle for Women: A Case Study of Singapore
Societies vary in their preference for female seclusion. But regardless of culture, female employment rises with job-creating growth. Singapore provides a perfect natural experiment, we can observe how 3 different ethnic groups responded to industrialisation.
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