Venki Ramakrishnan, a Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist, delves into anti-aging science and its implications in his new book, *Why We Die: The New Science of Aging and the Quest for Immortality*. He discusses how studying aquatic 'immortal' species and cloning could inform human lifespan. Venki evaluates promising research areas like caloric restriction, cellular reprogramming, and gene therapies. He ponders the ethical dimensions of anti-aging treatments while highlighting the complexities and the need for thorough scientific validation in this exciting yet uncertain field.
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insights INSIGHT
Lifespan Limits
While humans haven't lived past 122, some species live for hundreds of years.
We may need to alter the aging process itself to live longer.
insights INSIGHT
Evolution and Longevity
Evolution prioritizes reproductive success over longevity, optimizing for 'fitness'.
A species' lifespan often relates to its size and vulnerability to predation.
question_answer ANECDOTE
Brant's Bat
Brant's bat, despite weighing similarly to a mouse, lives much longer.
This is because its flight ability reduces predation and starvation risks, favoring longevity.
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In *Why We Die*, Venki Ramakrishnan delves into the complexities of aging and death, discussing how recent advances in molecular biology are reshaping our understanding of these processes. The book explores the biological and ethical implications of extending human lifespan, questioning whether death serves a necessary biological purpose and what the social costs of immortality might be.
"For every far-out idea that turns out to be true, there were probably hundreds that were simply crackpot ideas. In general, [science] advances building on the knowledge we have, and seeing what the next questions are, and then getting to the next stage and the next stage and so on. And occasionally there’ll be revolutionary ideas which will really completely change your view of science. And it is possible that some revolutionary breakthrough in our understanding will come about and we might crack this problem, but there’s no evidence for that. It doesn’t mean that there isn’t a lot of promising work going on. There are many legitimate areas which could lead to real improvements in health in old age. So I’m fairly balanced: I think there are promising areas, but there’s a lot of work to be done to see which area is going to be promising, and what the risks are, and how to make them work." —Venki Ramakrishnan
What we can learn about extending human lifespan — if anything — from “immortal” aquatic animal species, cloned sheep, and the oldest people to have ever lived.
Which areas of anti-ageing research seem most promising to Venki — including caloric restriction, removing senescent cells, cellular reprogramming, and Yamanaka factors — and which Venki thinks are overhyped.
Why eliminating major age-related diseases might only extend average lifespan by 15 years.
The social impacts of extending healthspan or lifespan in an ageing population — including the potential danger of massively increasing inequality if some people can access life-extension interventions while others can’t.
And plenty more.
Chapters:
Cold open (00:00:00)
Luisa's intro (00:01:04)
The interview begins (00:02:21)
Reasons to explore why we age and die (00:02:35)
Evolutionary pressures and animals that don't biologically age (00:06:55)
Why does ageing cause us to die? (00:12:24)
Is there a hard limit to the human lifespan? (00:17:11)
Evolutionary tradeoffs between fitness and longevity (00:21:01)
How ageing resets with every generation, and what we can learn from clones (00:23:48)
Younger blood (00:31:20)
Freezing cells, organs, and bodies (00:36:47)
Are the goals of anti-ageing research even realistic? (00:43:44)
Dementia (00:49:52)
Senescence (01:01:58)
Caloric restriction and metabolic pathways (01:11:45)
Yamanaka factors (01:34:07)
Cancer (01:47:44)
Mitochondrial dysfunction (01:58:40)
Population effects of extended lifespan (02:06:12)
Could increased longevity increase inequality? (02:11:48)
What’s surprised Venki about this research (02:16:06)
Luisa's outro (02:19:26)
Producer: Keiran Harris Audio engineering: Ben Cordell, Milo McGuire, Simon Monsour, and Dominic Armstrong Content editing: Luisa Rodriguez, Katy Moore, and Keiran Harris Transcriptions: Katy Moore
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