What if our relentless drive to be better than others is quietly breaking us?

Miroslav Volf unpacks the core themes of his 2025 book, The Cost of Ambition: How Striving to Be Better Than Others Makes Us Worse. In this book, Volf offers a penetrating critique of comparison culture, diagnosing the hidden moral and spiritual wounds caused by competition and superiority.

Drawing on Scripture, theology, philosophy, literature, and our culture’s obsession with competition and superiority, Volf challenges our assumptions about ambition and identity—and presents a deeply humanizing vision of life rooted not in being “the best,” but in receiving ourselves as creatures made and loved by God.

From Milton’s depiction of Satan to Jesus’ descent in Philippians 2, from the architectural rivalry of ancient Byzantium to modern Olympic anxieties, Volf invites us to imagine a new foundation for personal and social flourishing: a life free from striving, rooted in love and grace.

Highlights

“The key here is for us to come to appreciate, affirm, and—importantly—love ourselves. Love ourselves unconditionally.”
“Striving for superiority devalues everything we have, if it doesn’t contribute to us being better than someone else.”
“The inverse of striving for superiority is internal plague by inferiority.”
“In Jesus, we see that God’s glory is not to dominate but to lift up what is low.”
“We constantly compare to feel good about ourselves, and end up unsure of who we are.”
“We have been given to ourselves by God—our very existence is a gift, not a merit.”

Helpful Links and Resources

Visit faith.yale.edu/ambition to get a 40-page PDF Discussion Guide and Full Access to 7 videos
The Cost of Ambition by Miroslav Volf (Baker Academic, May 2025)
Philippians 2:5–11 (NIV) – Christ’s Humility and Exaltation – BibleGateway
Romans 12:10 – “Outdo one another in showing honor” – BibleHub
Paradise Lost by John Milton – Project Gutenberg
Paradise Regained by John Milton – Project Gutenberg

Show Notes

Opening Reflections on Competition

The conversation begins with Volf recalling a talk he gave at the Global Congress on Christianity & Sports.
He uses athletic competition—highlighting Lionel Messi—as a lens for questioning the moral value of striving to be better than others.
“Sure, competition pulls people up—but it also familiarizes us with inferiority.”
“We compare ourselves to feel good… but end up feeling worse.”
Introduces the story of Justinian and Hagia Sophia: “Oh Solomon, I have outdone you.”

Rivalry, Power, and Insecurity

Shares the backstory of Juliana’s competing church and the gold-ceiling arms race with Justinian.
“Religious architecture became a battlefield of status.”
Draws insight from these historic rivalries as examples of how ambition pervades religious life—not just secular.

Modern Parallels: Yale Students’s & the Rat Race

Volf notes how even Yale undergrads—once top of their class—feel insecure in comparison to peers.
“They arrive and suddenly their worth plummets. That’s insane.”
The performance-driven culture makes stable identity nearly impossible.

Biblical Illustration: Kierkegaard’s Lily

Volf recounts Kierkegaard’s retelling of Jesus’s lily parable.
A bird whispers to the little lily that it’s not beautiful enough, prompting the lily to uproot itself—and wither.
“The lesson: we are destined to lose ourselves when our value depends on comparison.”

Intrinsic Value and the Image of God

“We need to discover the intrinsic value of who we are as creatures made in the image of God.”
Kierkegaard and Jesus both show us the beauty of ‘mere humanity.’
“You are more glorious in your humanity than Solomon in his robes.”

Theological Anthropology and Grace

“We have been given to ourselves by God—our lives are a gift.”
“We owe so much to luck, to others, to God. So how can we boast?”
Paul’s challenge in 1 Corinthians: “What do you have that you have not received?”

Milton and Satan’s Ambition

Shifts to Paradise Lost: Satan rebels because he can’t bear not being top.
“Even what is beautiful becomes devalued if it doesn’t prove superiority.”
In Paradise Regained, Satan tempts Jesus to be the greatest—but Jesus refuses.

Christ’s Humility and Downward Glory

Highlights Philippians 2: Jesus “emptied himself… took the form of a servant.”
“God’s glory is not domination—it’s lifting up the lowly.”
“Salvation comes not through seizing status, but through relinquishing it.”

Paul’s Vision of Communal Honor

Romans 12:10: “Outdo one another in showing honor.”
“True honor comes not from climbing over others, but from lifting them up.”
Connects this ethic to Paul’s vision of church as an egalitarian body.

God’s Care for Creation and Humanity

Luther’s observation: God calls Earth good but not Heaven—“God cares more for our home than his own.”
“We are called to emulate God’s loving attention to the least.”

Striving vs. Acceptance

Volf contrasts ambition with love: “The inverse of striving for superiority is the plague of inferiority.”
Encourages unconditional self-love as a reflection of God’s love.
Uses image of a parent greeting a newborn: “You’ve arrived.”

A Vision for Healed Culture

“We wreck others in our pursuit of superiority—and we leave them wounded in our wake.”
The gospel reveals a better way: not performance, but grace.
“Our salvation and our culture’s healing lie in the humility of Jesus.”
“We must rediscover the beauty of our mere humanity.”

About Miroslav Volf

Miroslav Volf is the founding director of the Yale Center for Faith & Culture and the Henry B. Wright Professor of Theology at Yale Divinity School. One of the leading public theologians of our time, he is the author of numerous books including Exclusion and Embrace, Flourishing, A Public Faith, Life Worth Living, and most recently, The Cost of Ambition. His work explores themes of identity, reconciliation, human dignity, and the role of faith in a pluralistic society. He is a frequent speaker around the world and has advised both religious and civic leaders on matters of peace and justice.

Production Notes

This podcast featured Miroslav Volf
Edited and Produced by Evan Rosa
Hosted by Evan Rosa
Production Assistance by Macie Bridge and Taylor Craig
A Production of the Yale Center for Faith & Culture at Yale Divinity School https://faith.yale.edu/about
Support For the Life of the World podcast by giving to the Yale Center for Faith & Culture: https://faith.yale.edu/give

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