Long Reads: The Flemish Revolutions w/ Jan Dumolyn
Dec 21, 2023
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Guest Jan Dumolyn, professor of history, discusses the wave of uprisings and class conflict in medieval Flanders. They explore the social conditions behind the uprisings, the flourishing trade economy of Flanders, the decline of guild power in the southern low countries, and the role of the self-conscious artisan class in shaping the political landscape.
Flanders in the Middle Ages was a center of class conflict, with popular classes challenging aristocratic power and defeating powerful armies.
The waves of revolt in Flanders during the 14th century shaped the political landscape and power dynamics, paving the way for future class struggles and popular politics.
Deep dives
Flanders: A Unique Hub of Class Conflict in Medieval Europe
Flanders, a region in the medieval Low Countries, stood out as a center of class conflict and urbanization. It experienced rapid economic growth and population increase, with urbanization rates reaching 30-40% by 1300. Flanders was known for its textile industry, exporting high-quality woolen cloths to Europe and beyond. The social classes in Flemish towns included the merchant class, the artisan class, and an underclass of unskilled wage laborers. These classes organized themselves through craft guilds and communal movements to challenge the political and economic power of the merchant class.
Revolt and Resistance: Waves of Uprisings in Medieval Flanders
Medieval Flanders saw two major waves of revolt in the 14th century. The first wave around 1280 failed to achieve its goals, but the second wave in 1302 resulted in a political revolution. Artisans gained representation in town governments, challenging the dominance of the merchant class. The revolt continued with periodic uprisings and the involvement of peasants in the struggle. The conflicts shaped the political landscape and power dynamics in Flemish towns for over two centuries, laying the foundation for future class struggles and popular politics.
Continuity and Change: Economic Shifts and Political Transformations in Later Flanders
In the late 14th century, Flanders faced significant changes. The Black Death caused a population decrease, leading to labor shortages and struggles over wages and rents. Flanders adapted by specializing in high-quality textile production and luxury goods, facing competition from England and Italy. The social and economic landscape shifted, with a decline in the relative importance of textile workers and the rise of merchant capital and feudal states. These changes set the stage for the Dutch revolt against Habsburg rule in the 16th century, with connections and continuities between the struggles in Flanders and the subsequent events in the Netherlands.
If anyone thinks about medieval Flanders today, it’s most likely because they have an interest in the art of painters like Bruegel and Rubens. But Flanders also pioneered the art of class warfare. There was nowhere else in Europe during the Middle Ages where the popular classes posed such an effective challenge to aristocratic power. At its high point during the early fourteenth century, this wave of popular mobilization defeated some of Europe’s most powerful armies.
Jan Dumolyn, professor of history at Ghent University, joins Long Reads to talk about the social conditions behind this wave of uprisings.
Long Reads is a Jacobin podcast looking in-depth at political topics and thinkers, both contemporary and historical, with the magazine’s longform writers. Hosted by features editor Daniel Finn. Produced by Conor Gillies, music by Knxwledge.
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