Can Fish Count? What Animals Reveal About Our Uniquely Mathematical Minds
May 17, 2022
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Brian Butterworth, a renowned professor of cognitive neuropsychology, discusses the mathematical abilities in other species, including infants' sensitivity to numbers and the relationship between math and the universe. The podcast also explores counting in animals and bioluminescent bacteria, the accumulator theory, counting as a decision-making tool in animal behavior, and the concept of numbers and discount cunies.
Even infants show sensitivity to the number of objects around them, indicating basic numerical computations from an early age.
Numerical abilities have a genetic component, but the specific genes involved in mathematical abilities remain unknown.
Deep dives
Early Numerical Abilities in Infants and Children
In the book, Brian Butterworth discusses studies that show even infants in their first week of life are sensitive to the number of objects around them. They notice changes in the number of objects on a screen and show an arithmetic expectation at the age of six months. This suggests that babies and young children are capable of basic numerical computations.
Number Processing in the Brain
Research has identified a part of the parietal lobe in the human brain that is specifically responsible for numerical abilities. When this area is damaged, individuals may experience difficulties with numbers while their language and memory remain intact. Additionally, studies have shown that professional mathematicians and exceptional counters utilize the parietal lobe for numerical processing, although they may recruit other brain regions for more complex calculations.
Genetic Influence on Numerical Abilities
Twin studies have indicated that numerical abilities have a substantial genetic component, with estimates suggesting that approximately 30% of numeracy skills are influenced by genes. However, the specific genes involved in mathematical abilities have not yet been identified through genome-wide association studies. Ongoing research with zebrafish, which share genetic similarities with humans, aims to explore numerical abilities in relation to genetics.
Numerical Abilities in Non-Human Species
Various animal species, such as fish, frogs, birds, and insects, have demonstrated numerical abilities in different contexts. For instance, fish can learn to discriminate between abstract patterns with different quantities, while frogs can count the number of croaks or chirps emitted by other frogs. The brain mechanisms underlying numerical abilities in these species differ from those in humans, suggesting that there may be multiple evolutionary paths to numerical cognition.
On the show this week we’re joined by Brian Butterworth, emeritus professor of cognitive neuropsychology and author of the new book Can Fish Count? What Animals Reveal About Our Uniquely Mathematical Minds. He’s spent his career looking at the genetics and neuroscience of mathematical ability—and not just in humans.