In this discussion with Marion Turner, the esteemed J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English at Oxford and author of "Chaucer: A European Life," intriguing topics unfold. They explore how the printing press transformed the English language and literature. Turner highlights Chaucer's use of science in poetry and his profound influence on Shakespeare. Additionally, she discusses the merits of engaging with Chaucer's work through both translations and original texts, and how his narratives reflect on morality and individuality.
The introduction of the printing press greatly standardized the English language while marginalizing regional dialects and niche authors.
Chaucer's work showcases a significant intersection between literature, science, and cultural exchange, particularly regarding medieval scientific advancements.
Chaucer's innovative blend of highbrow romance and lowbrow humor critiques societal expectations surrounding love and gender roles, influencing later literature.
Deep dives
Impact of the Printing Press on English Language Development
The introduction of the printing press in England by Caxton in 1476 significantly influenced the evolution of the English language. Caxton primarily printed texts in the dialect of the East Midland, which aligned with the London dialect, leading to greater standardization of English. While this standardization benefited the accessibility of texts to a broader audience, it also marginalized less dominant dialects and niche authors. This duality highlights how printing not only democratized literature but also narrowed the cultural diversity of language available to the populace.
Continuity of Medieval English in Modern Usage
Modern English retains several features from the medieval period, particularly from the East Midland dialect. Despite radical changes following the Norman conquest, much of the language used by writers in the 14th and 15th centuries remains comprehensible to contemporary readers with some study. This suggests that, while Old English may seem foreign to modern ears, the Middle English of authors like Chaucer is still recognizable, making it accessible for those willing to engage with it. Individuals interested in reading Chaucer can benefit from translations but are also encouraged to attempt the original texts to appreciate their authentic cadence and richness.
Chaucer's Engagement with Science and Technology
Chaucer’s works demonstrate a deep interest in the scientific advancements of his time, notably through his treatise on the astrolabe, which he wrote for his son. This text reveals Chaucer's understanding of the significance of medieval science and its connection to broader intellectual traditions, including influences from Arab scholars. His acknowledgment of the contributions from various cultures, including Islamic and Jewish communities, showcases a respect for the exchange of knowledge that shaped medieval European thought. Through references to advanced mathematical concepts, Chaucer indicates the intricate relationship between culture, science, and literature in the 14th century.
Innovations in the Romance Genre
Chaucer’s approach to the romance genre was marked by a critical examination and satirical perspective on its conventions. He frequently contrasted romantic ideals with the more pragmatic and humorous elements found in fabliaux, revealing the absurdities of idealized love. By placing stories like the Knight's Tale and the Miller's Tale in juxtaposition, Chaucer critiques the notion of noble love and exposes the realities of relationships, gender roles, and societal expectations. This innovative blend of highbrow romance and lowbrow humor allowed Chaucer to explore the complexities of human desire and relationships in nuanced ways.
Chaucer's Lasting Influence on Literature
Chaucer's significance in the literary canon extends beyond his era, profoundly impacting later writers, including Shakespeare. His works served as essential reference points for thematic and narrative evolution, with echoes of Chaucerian plots and styles appearing throughout early modern literature. The influence of Chaucer can be seen in Shakespeare's complex characterizations and mastery of juxtaposition within narrative, suggesting a continuation of Chaucer's innovative techniques. Understanding Chaucer's contributions reveals a foundational role in shaping the English literary tradition, where the interplay of genres and voices remains critical.
I was delighted to talk to Marion Turner, the J.R.R. Tolkien professor of English Language and Literature at Oxford. We talked about how the printing press affected the English language, the effect of science and technology on Chaucer’s poetry, how Chaucer influenced Shakespeare, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and plenty more. I could have kept asking questions for another hour! Marion recommends translations of Chaucer (Wright or Coghill), talks about the invention of the iambic pentameter, and discusses Chaucer and the question of influence. I recommend Marion’s book Chaucer: A European Lifeto you all.
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