Experts discuss the development of dinosaur feathers, the fascination with dinosaurs, the significance of Chinese feathered dinosaurs, determining the colors of ancient birds and dinosaurs, the preservation of melanin and keratin, mysteries in paleontology, and the coevolution of skin and feathers in dinosaurs.
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Quick takeaways
Feathered dinosaurs challenge the traditional view of slow, lizard-like creatures and reveal active and energetic behavior.
Chinese fossils have revolutionized our understanding of feathered dinosaurs, providing insights into their colors, distribution, and evolutionary transitions.
Deep dives
Feathered Dinosaurs and Their Evolution
Feathered dinosaurs have challenged the traditional view of dinosaurs as large, slow, and lizard-like creatures. The discovery of well-preserved Chinese fossils has shown that many dinosaurs were fast and feathered, some even surviving the great extinctions and becoming the ancestors of modern birds. These fossils provide insights into the color and placement of feathers on dinosaurs, as well as the possible use of feathers for displays, insulation, and flight. The idea that dinosaurs were slow and lumbering was a common perception, but these new discoveries have changed that through evidence of active and energetic behavior. The fossils have also shed light on the evolutionary path from feathers to wings and the gradual changes that occurred over millions of years. The discovery of feathers in various types of dinosaurs has suggested that feathers may have been present in all dinosaurs to some extent. These findings have revolutionized our understanding of dinosaurs and their connection to modern birds.
The Importance of Chinese Fossils in Understanding Feathered Dinosaurs
Chinese fossils from the Jehol and Daohugou biotas have played a crucial role in understanding feathered dinosaurs. These fossils have been found in fine sediments in lakes and have been exceptionally preserved due to volcanic activity in the area. The abundance of Chinese fossils, including thousands of specimens, has allowed scientists to map out the evolution of feathers and their distribution among dinosaur species. The discovery of feathered dinosaurs in China has far surpassed the significance of the iconic Archaeopteryx fossil from Germany. The remarkable preservation of these fossils in China continues to contribute to our understanding of dinosaur behaviors, evolutionary transitions, and the complex structure of feathers.
Feathers: Structure, Evolution, and Color
Feathers are remarkable integumentary structures derived from the skin. They consist of a hollow tube called the quill, branching into smaller structures called barbs, which further branch into barbules. Melanin pigments give feathers their color, with different shapes of melanosomes producing different colors. Recent studies have successfully identified melanin granules in Chinese fossil feathers, allowing researchers to determine the colors of dinosaur feathers. These granules have survived due to the toughness of the melanin molecule. While evidence of keratin, the primary component of feathers, remains challenging to find, the preservation of melanin provides crucial insights into the appearance and visual features of dinosaur feathers and their evolutionary significance.
Unanswered Questions and Future Research
Despite significant progress in understanding feathered dinosaurs, important questions remain. The absence of feathers in sauropod dinosaurs, which were prevalent during the same time as theropods and ornithischians, needs further investigation. Discovering feathers in sauropods and older fossils would provide crucial insights into the origin and early stages of feather evolution. Additionally, the mechanisms behind flight evolution need to be explored. Understanding how dinosaurs progressed from developing feathers to achieving powered flight requires interdisciplinary research and engineering approaches. By investigating the coevolution of feathers and modified skin structures, researchers can gain insights into how feathered dinosaurs manipulated their feathers and controlled their flight. These questions and areas of research present exciting opportunities for future paleontologists and offer the potential for further discoveries and understanding of the evolution of dinosaurs and birds.
In a programme first broadcast in 2017, Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the development of theories about dinosaur feathers, following discoveries of fossils which show evidence of feathers. All dinosaurs were originally thought to be related to lizards - the word 'dinosaur' was created from the Greek for 'terrible lizard' - but that now appears false. In the last century, discoveries of fossils with feathers established that at least some dinosaurs were feathered and that some of those survived the great extinctions and evolved into the birds we see today. There are still many outstanding areas for study, such as what sorts of feathers they were, where on the body they were found, what their purpose was and which dinosaurs had them.
With
Mike Benton
Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the University of Bristol
Steve Brusatte
Reader and Chancellor's Fellow in Vertebrate Palaeontology at the University of Edinburgh
and
Maria McNamara
Senior Lecturer in Geology at University College, Cork
Producer: Simon Tillotson.
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