In a captivating discussion, Sir Tom Devine, Professor Emeritus of Scottish History, explores the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden and its transformation of clan culture. He delves into the internal strife and religious tensions that plagued Scottish clans during the Jacobite risings. The conversation highlights the romanticization of Highland culture and how it evolved into a symbol of national pride amid 18th-century changes. Devine also reveals the profound impact of clan identity on Scotland's modern heritage and the global Scottish diaspora.
The Battle of Culloden not only ended the clan system but also intensified loyalty conflicts within families, altering Scottish society dynamics.
Post-Culloden, Highland culture transformed from savage to romanticized valor, with literature and events fostering a renewed interest in clan heritage.
Deep dives
The Aftermath of Culloden
The Battle of Culloden, fought in 1746, marked the end of the last pitched battle on British soil and was characterized by a brutal aftermath where wounded Jacobites were executed. This battle pitted clans against one another and highlighted the intense loyalty conflicts within families, with many clans switching allegiances to either the Jacobite or Hanoverian cause. The engagement represented not just a clash of arms but a culmination of a long-standing struggle against the backdrop of Jacobitism and the quest for restoring the Stuart monarchy. The consequences of this battle reshaped Scottish society, leading to the decline of the clan system and drastic changes in social structures across the Highlands and Lowlands.
The Role of Clans and Political Alliances
The episode delves into the complex relationships between various clans during the multiple Jacobite uprisings, emphasizing each clan's varying loyalty based on their socio-political interests. For instance, clans like the Campbells were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian state, while others rallied behind the Jacobite cause, reflecting a divide that would lead to considerable family and clan strife during conflicts. As the clans navigated shifting political landscapes, they had to make crucial decisions about their allegiances, risking dire consequences for failures, such as being labeled as traitors under English law. This period demonstrated the fluctuating fortunes of the clans, which were increasingly impacted by external developments such as the Union of the Parliaments in 1707.
The Evolution of Highland Identity
In the aftermath of Culloden, the perception of Highland culture underwent a significant transformation, evolving from an image of savagery to one of romanticized valor as Highlandism emerged. The formation of Highland regiments under government pay served to rehabilitate the earlier stigma associated with clan conflict, leading to a revival of interest in Highland traditions, dress, and even the landscapes that were once feared. Sir Walter Scott's literary works played a pivotal role in popularizing this romanticized Highland identity, which culminated in public events like King George IV's visit to Edinburgh that spurred a demand for clan tartans and a sense of heritage. This selective memory around clan history not only connected modern Scots to their ancestry but also appealed to global audiences, solidifying the Highlands as a cultural emblem for Scotland.
In the second instalment of their discussion, Jackie and her guest Sir Tom Devine look at the Battle of Culloden and how it changed the course of clan history. Then, they turn their attention to the centuries that followed, taking the story right up to the modern day.
If you missed the first episode, scroll back in your podcast feed to hear Jackie and Sir Tom discuss the origins of the clans and how a rule of kinship ensured their success.
To find out more about some of the locations discussed in this week’s episode, visit the NTS website. You can also learn more about Culloden here, Glencoe here, and Killiecrankie here.
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