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Historical Roots of Censorship
- Censorship in science historically emerged mainly through moral and political control by authorities like the Roman censors and the Church.
- Early cases include Socrates, Anaxagoras, and Galileo, showing long-standing conflicts between free inquiry and power.
Defining Scientific Censorship
- Scientific censorship often arises from obstructing ideas for reasons other than poor quality, such as moral or political beliefs.
- Peer review differs as it filters for scientific rigor rather than censoring valid knowledge.
Types of Scientific Censorship
- Hard censorship comes top-down from governments or institutions, while soft censorship applies social pressures like reputational damage.
- Sensitive topics like intelligence research face strong soft censorship within academic communities.