Epistemology Ep.1: Why Do We Doubt?

Written in 1641, 'Meditations on First Philosophy' is a seminal work by René Descartes that outlines his metaphysical system. The book consists of six meditations where Descartes employs methodic doubt to question all beliefs that are not absolutely certain. He aims to establish a secure foundation for knowledge, affirming the existence of the thinking self with the statement 'I think, therefore I am' (Latin: 'Cogito, ergo sum'). Descartes also argues for the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body, using innate ideas and rational reasoning. The work includes critical responses from other thinkers and Descartes's replies, making it a landmark in cooperative philosophical discussion.

Written by Bertrand Russell, this book is a dazzlingly unique exploration of the ideologies of significant philosophers throughout the ages. It traces philosophy from the rise of Greek civilization to the emergence of logical analysis in the twentieth century. The book is divided into three main sections: Ancient Philosophy, Catholic Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy. Russell provides historical context and clear, often witty, descriptions of the major life events, ideas, and influences of the philosophers he covers. Despite some criticisms for overgeneralizations and biases, the book remains a popular and commercially successful work, praised for its clarity, erudition, and grace.