51. Selma and the Murder of Viola Liuzo

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Viola Fauver Liuzzo was a 39-year-old white civil rights volunteer from Detroit who traveled to Alabama in March 1965 to support the Selma-to-Montgomery marches. On the night of March 25, while driving 19-year-old activist Leroy Moton back toward Selma, she was chased down U.S. Route 80 by a car of Ku Klux Klan members—Collie Leroy Wilkins Jr., William Orville Eaton, Eugene Thomas, and FBI informant Gary Thomas Rowe. Wilkins fired a shotgun into Liuzzo’s car, killing her instantly; Moton survived by playing dead. The presence of Rowe, who had a history of participating in Klan violence while on the FBI payroll, sparked major controversy about what federal authorities knew and tolerated.

Alabama first tried Wilkins for murder, but his initial trial ended in a hung jury, and a second all-white jury acquitted him despite Rowe’s eyewitness testimony. After the state failed to secure a conviction, the Department of Justice charged Wilkins, Eaton, and Thomas under federal civil-rights law (18 U.S.C. § 241) for conspiring to deprive Liuzzo of her civil rights. All three were convicted and received ten-year sentences, marking one of the earliest successful federal civil-rights prosecutions against white supremacist violence. In the aftermath, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover orchestrated a smear campaign against Liuzzo—spreading false claims about her character to deflect criticism of the FBI’s role in managing informants. Her murder and the federal response helped galvanize support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and later fueled congressional scrutiny of FBI conduct during the Church Committee investigations.

Sources:

James P. Turner, Selma and the Liuzzo Murder Trials: The First Modern Civil Rights Convictions.
Mary Stanton, From Selma to Sorrow: The Life and Death of Viola Liuzzo.
Gary May, Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy.
Wayne Greenhaw, Fighting the Devil in Dixie: How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama.
Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963.
Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965
Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution
David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
J. Mills Thornton III, Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma.
Peter B. Levy, The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America during the 1960s.
U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee Reports).
FBI COINTELPRO Files (Declassified).
U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division Archives on the Liuzzo Case.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, The FBI and the Civil Rights Movement (archival materials).
NAACP Records and Papers on Selma and Voting Rights.
Civil Rights Documentation Project, Library of Congress.
Eyes on the Prize (PBS Documentary Series)
Home of the Brave (Documentary on Viola Liuzzo).
National Civil Rights Museum, Viola Liuzzo Exhibits.
Southern Poverty Law Center Archives on Ku Klux Klan Activity.
John Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement.
Lerone Bennett Jr., “Selma: The Road to Freedom,” Ebony Magazine Archives.
Joseph Crespino, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution.
Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr..
Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle Over Vietnam (context on FBI surveillance).
Adam Fairclough, Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000.
David Carter, The Music Has Gone Out of the Movement (on federal infiltration of civil rights groups).
United States v. Wilkins, Eaton, and Thomas (Federal §241 Trial Records).